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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  •72-4503 


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Microfiche 
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ICIMH 

Collection  de 
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Canadian  Inttituta  for  Historical  MIcroreproductions  /  Insfitut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquaa 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  ct  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  thie  best  original 
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may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  ffny 
of  the  iififiages  in  the  'reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  iisual  method  of  filming,  4re 
checked  bfibw.  *:  '-; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  txemplaire  qu'il. 
I|ii  a  itt  possible  di  le  procurer. '  Las  d|itails  de  cet 
exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-itre  uniques  du^point  de  i 
bibliographique,  qui  peuyent  modifier  une  image 
reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification 
dans  la  mithode  normaie  de  f  ilmage  tont  indiquis 
ci-dessous. 


□  Coloured  covers/  '*  ~ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


D 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  andommagte 


□  Covers  restored  artd/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  rastaurie  et/ou  pelliculie 

□  Cover  title  misting/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


D 


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0 


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Pages  dicolor««s,  tachetite  ou  piquees 


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Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


0Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


□  Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
PIfnches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


□ 


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Bound  with  other  material/    " 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 

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La  raliura  sarrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
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Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may  appear 
within  the  te^t.  Whenever  possible,  these  have 
been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blancfies  ajouties 
lors  d'une  rastauration  apparaissent  dans  le  taxte, 
mais.  lorsque  cali^  itait  possible,  cas  pages  n'ont 
pas  M  f  ilmias. 


0 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualite  in^gale  de  I'ilnpression 


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D 


Includes  index  (es)/ 
Comprend  un  (des)  imlex 

Title  on  header  taken  from:/ 
Le  titre  de  I'tn-tlte  provient: 


j       I  Title  page  of  issue/ 


Page  de  titre  de  la  livraison 


□  Caption  of  issue/ 
Titre  de  dipart  de  la  livraison 


D 


Masthead/ 

Generique  (piriediques)  de  la  livraison 


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0 


Additional  comments:/  Vrfnklod  pages  auy  ffla  ajlghtly  out  of  focus. 

Commentairas  tupplimeouires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  tlie  reduction  ratio  checked  below/      ■^''' 
Ce  document  est  f  ilmi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14  X 

Mk 

22X 

^d6X 

30X 

7 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24  X 

■^^H^ 

7fik 

3: 


lire  qu'il. 
It  de  cet 
•oint  de  vue 
image 
lification 
idiquis 


>. 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reprodfjced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library" of  Canada. 


The'iroages  appearing  here  are  the  best  qujality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  yvith  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method:  > 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grfice  d  la 
gAn6rosit6  de:  ] 


Bibliothdque  nationale  cm  .Canada 


-^Les  images  suivantes  ont  «t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film«,  et  en 
y         conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contraVde 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  origrnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  fjlmte  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniftre^page  qui  comporte  une  en^preinte        ^"^ 
d'impres'sion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  secoqd 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commencant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impressibn  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
*■    la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  ia 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  dtre 
filmfo  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  clich6.  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagranimes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


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OOMTAXHIirO 
TORE,  AHI 
A  REFUTA' 


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X 


iNCfllQUIN, 
THE  JESUIt^  l^ETTERS 

'■      /  ' ' '  »■  ■   X 

DUMXO  A  LATE  »«IISKNCB   IS 

THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA: 

AFRAGBIEMT 

or 
A  PRIVATE  CORRESPONDENCE,  ^ 

Aoeit»sifTAt.LT  BtacdVBmKb 


^ 


TOEUROPEi  * 

OOKTAIHIHO  A  rAVOU«A#,B  VIEW  or  THE  MAHNBRS,  tlTEEA- 
TDRE,  AHD  tTAT«  OT  SOOtKTT,  O*  T««  CHITKI)  STATES,  AND 
A   REFUTATIOW  or  HAJT*   Of   ^B*  ASfEESIONS  CAST  OPOM  THIS 

co»»r»r,  IT  roBMUi  m«tit»HTs  and  toueists. 


■>i^^ 


BY*  SOMS  tNKNOW^|v«6R£lON£R. 


TedaU  UbaMo,  yi  giorfaiMta  e  isettbi 
Vai3  oottani  aveii,  ran  wai, 
Peregrinandoda]  {^  freddi  eerehl' 
Del  nortro  mondo  agii  Etiopi 


d\i/-r  Jyi0rsr€6 


(' 


wMeu: 


E  eome  uoin  «he  vinute  e  lanno  mewhi, 
M  Givell^  le  atanze,'e  i  riti  appreri. 

TaHoLa  GienMalemme  Ubenta, 
•  Canto  decimoquapto. 


M*', 
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JviBw-rostr.' 

Printed  and  pabtished  by  L  Riler. 
1810. 


MJ^j^..'..,, 


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OISTBICT  OF  NBW.YORK,  „. 

Bfa.'3;j^lS?^K*'^*^^r"SbP"  *«. twenty.«^d  d.y  of  December. 
II?•♦;.f^^f  .iiS^.?^  i,"*?  "^  dwtnet,  hath  deposited  in  thi>  office 
Slo!bg,^to  ii^^         '*'*  '"'*"^  '**  '^'"  "  P~P™t*.  !"  »»»•  *«* 

"  siSS  A'Ji^^f*^  ^*^  "'"^•^P  *  '•?'  midenw  in  the  United 
"  A^^M^^^  ^S  •  fn'K™"'*  M  »  Prf»«te  oorrespondenee,  Mci- 
««m.n^  «Tr"^   '5  ^""P",'    conuining  .   fevouihiWe  View  rf   the 

«.wl!^^"^^*^^V*P*''"°"»  '«•*  upon  this  oountry,  byfbriner  re- 
"sidents  and  tottnsu.    By  rome  unknown  forei^er.  rmer  re 

"  VednU   Uiikido,  in  giovinezza  e  oerehi 
«V»geottami  ■▼ea,  Taij  paesi, 
"  Peregnoando  dai  piu  freftdi  oerohi 
*•  Del  nostro  mondo  ag(i  Etiopi-aoeesi : 
'   u  ?  «>«>>«  wm  ohe  virtute  e  senno  merohi. 
„         I<e  wTcUe,  le  asanzc,  e  i  riti  appregi. 

"  Tasio  La  Gienisalemme  Liberata, 
"  "  Canto  deeimoqnarto." 

.  .is  co»ro»MiTV  to  the  act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  en- 
itled,  «  An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  Mpies 
"  l^l^l.  "l?"^*  *^  ^^  to  the  authors  and  jM^tprietors  of  such  cop^ei, 
'during  the  times  thtireinmenUoned;"  and  also  to  an  act,  entiUed.  '*\n 
"  Ml,  supplementary  to  an  act,  enUUed,  an  act  for  the  enooarageikent  of 
"  leamtng,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps.  oharU  and  books,  to  the  auUiora 
«^  Proprfetors  of  such  copies,  duriifg  the  Umea  therein  mentioned,  and 
ejrtending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraTmir  wl 
"  etebing  Ustorieal  and  other  prims."  *     *  «niKnivmg  ana 

CHARLES  CLINTON,' 
.    i-  Cierkof  theUistriotof  New.york. 


*'., 


p. 

¥  ■ 

,•'     ■        • 

/ 

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'^^^y^A'^jL^^    .'^■^^l:^^^i^<;,l^i.^i^4k¥'-'''^  -^--^MMr- 


J/" 


^  PREFACE. 

THE  JESUrPS  LETTERS.  * 

Sm,  Utter^  «ipp^d  to  have  6eex  mitten  h,,  and  to,  m  hHokJendt. 
*«ws  Aw  reridence  ik  the  United  Suae,  of  America. 

THE  letters  here  pubUshed,  were  bought  at  a  bookseller's 
sun  tothe  street,  in  Antwerp,  for  the  humble  consideration 
or  a  French  crown.    Thejr  were  tied  op  together  in  an  en- 
velope, on  Which  was  writtei^  « Letter.  fi.>m   America- 
Rx,m  internal  evidence,  and,  as\  more  «deable  designation, 
they,haye  been  denominated  «  T%  ^suit's  Letters."    They 
a«  Pl^n  to  the  world  by  the  American  editor,  precisely  as 
ht  tasiHSen  assured  they  were  fouiid  in  manuscript,  withbut 
My  encroachment*  upon  their  disposition  or  matter.    Where 
^  occur,  Uie  words  were  carefully  marked  out  with  a  pen. 
beyon4  the  pbssibiUty  of  restWion.    the  Aime  metiiod  had 
been  pursued  to  conceal  the  names;  but  witi,  less  success. 
.  foi'  tiiough  It  cannot  be  pretended  tiuit  tiiey  are  unquestiona- 
Wrreclaimed,  yet  great  pains  have  brought  them  nearly  to 
light ;  and,  it  is  believed,  Uiose  herein  prefixed  are  almost,  if  ^ 
not  quite,  tiie  «une  tiiat  were  subscribed  to  the  originals. 
Thi^  however,  is  a, matter  of  no  great  moment,  as  it  ian 
,    hardly  be  doubted  the  Wes  are  fictitious,  and  therefoi* 
they  afford  no,  clew  to  the  correspondents. 

The  purcha«!r  from  tiie  bookseller  at  Antwerp,  was  not 
an  American,  and  had  not  the  patifencei  thbugh  weU  acquaint- 
ed  with  tiie  EngUsh  language,  in  which  tjrty  are  written, 
to  decypher  ti,e  whole  MS.;  but  he  explored  enough  to 
a^en  a  common  curiosity  to  know  s6metiung  of  the  auUiors. 

rt.?"'.,  I'  ^  '**"™*^  *°  *«  "*'^»'  «»d  inquired  of 
the  bookse,  er,  from  .whom  he  obtained  the  papers,  but  could 
collectnotiung  more, tiian  that  a  mendicantV^me  weekT^. 

^e  W  ^^"  ^°'  '*'''  "'*  ^'^'**  '''"'  *'""  readily  for 

"can^tT  *!i*T""*  »«"*»«'**»"y  to  the  rars  of  an  Ameri- 

2l  T7     K  ^  ^^'**'*'  "^  ^^'  «"  ^'  expressing  a 
Wish  to  have  them,  they  wew  courteously  presented  by  L 

t^!r         '  *^  from  ^hom  we  received  U.em  for  puWiea- 


■   'Ik 


«> 


IV 


PREFACE. 


>K., 


i?« 


It  is  Evident)  from  several  pastagcf ,  that  they  were  writ- 
ten  by  a^  Irjishmanf  who  mast  have  resided  some  time  in 
this  country,  less  biassed  by  prejudkesi  tfian  most  of  our 

uropeaij  visitants.  Indeed,  the  inducement  to  publish  these 
lettera,  aros6  not  so  much  from  any  faitrinsic  merit  they  can 
boa^t^lis  from  the  candid  and  favourable  view  they  exhibit  of 
the  United  StaUs. 

As  they  might  have  tended  to  dispel  some  of  the  false  me^ 
dium»  through  which  we  are  obscurely  seen  frmn  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic)  it  is  to  be  regretted,  they  were  not  ori- 
ginally published  there.-  But  whether  they  were  composed 
far  publHation ;  how  many  of  them  may  have  been  suiq>ress* 
cd  or  misa^ried ;  or,  Indeed,  whAt  their  author's  object  was 
in  thia  country,  are  altogether  matters  of  conjecture}  though 
it  is  pibbable,  that  no  pnore  than  a  detachment  from  a  larger 
correspoodej|ce  has  fallen  into  our  hands. 

It  is  not  ti^essary  to  detail  the  reasons  which  have  led  to 
a  belief;  that  the  principal  writer,  if  not  some  of  the  others, 
must,  have  been  attached  to  the  company  of  Jesuits.  Inde^ 
pendent  of  a  positive  declaration  to  that  amowit,  in  one  of 
the  letters,  ther^  are  other,  though  trivial,  circumstances, 
corroborative  of  such  an  opinion.  The  modern  Charlemagne 
h^  many  motives  for  re>establishing  that  <»:de(lPknd  the 
germs  of  another  Paraguay  may  be  intended  for  our  seal. 
Of  this,  however,  every  reader  will  be  enabled  to  form  his 
own  judgment ;  for,  indeed,  the  very  air  of  mystery  in  which 
the  correspondence  is  'shrouded,  may  itself  be  counterfeit, 
taid  put  on  to  give  a  false  importance  to  things  in  themselves 
insignificant.  ^ 

As,  however,  the  letters  are  ascribed  to  a  Jesuit,  it-may 
be  proper  to  sUte  briefly,  that  the  order  of  Jesuits,  afltwbe- 
ing  broken  up,  and  the  members  successively  expelled  from 
the  different  natims  of  Europe,  was  finally  suppress^  and 
abolished  by  Pq)e  Gregory  XIV.  in  ITTS.  In  addition 
to  the  three  wws  of  poverty,  chastity  and  monastic  ser« 
i^udei  in  ord^  to  obtain,  in  the  first  instance^  a  cimfirma- 
tion  of  their  mysterious  institution,  they  were  obUged  to 
assume  a  fourth,  that  of  obedience  te  the  popeMonding. 
the iiuelves  to  go  and  to  serve,  without  rewani»ia  the  cause 


-V     '^ 


PREFACE.  y 

of  religioD,  wh«resoeTer  he  should  command.  The  fumk- 
mental  maxim  of  the  lodety  was,  that  instead  of  being  bu- 
ried  in  monkish  sloth  and  solitude,  they  should  devote 
themselves  to  more  active  bene6cence.  In  return  for  abso- 
lution from  aU  piouB  austerities  and  mortifications,  they  de- 
clared  themselves  the  champions  of  truth,  and^rusadere 
against  its  eneihies.  To  promote  the  service  of  religion  in 
all  puts  of  the  ^lobe,  the  instruction  of  youth  and  the  igno- 
rant, to  observe  ihe  transactions  of  the  world,  to  study  the 
charw^ters  and  dispositions  of  persons  in  auUiority,  to  infonn 
themselves  of  the  policy  of  governments  and  genius  of  na- 
tions, were  the  pursuits  to  which  they  dedicated  tiidr  lives; 
pursuiu,  in  themselves,  most  laudable  ;  however  the^  might 
be  perverted  to  improper  purposes..  In  order  to  facilitate 
and  support  Uieir  missions,  the  Jesuits  were  permitted  to 
trade  with  the  CQuntries  tiieyj  visited  i/f«Hd  formerly  were 
engaged  in  extensive  and  lu<ira$^e  commerce,  both  in- the. 
East  and  Wcstlwfca.  About  tlie  beginning  of  die  17th 
century,  they  made  a  settlement  on  th6  river  Plate,  in  the 
pr«*V%ce  of  Paraguay,  in  S^uth  America,  where  their  em- 
pire was  distinguished  by  iprisdom  and  tranqhillity. 

For  many  years  ^mst,  this  once  flourishing  and  influentita 
association,  has  bepn  degraded,  dispersed  and  diminishing? 
Their  name  has  becoiite  a  designation  foy  intrigue  and  du- 
plicity; and  tiie  few  tijat  remain,  h»re  dminedto  the  dregs 
the  chaUcc  of  humiliation.  If  it  has  been  contemplated  to 
revive  tiie  order  and  restore  its  privilegesi  it  is  probable, 
that  for  die  vow  of  obedience  to  tiie  pope,  now  no  longer 
necessary,  anotiier  would  be  substituted,  binding  Uiem  to  tiie 
destinies  of  the  extraordinary  personage  to  whqm  their  ele- 
vation would  be  owing;  who  is  incessanUy  rearing  reUgious, 
as  'well  as  poUtical  ramparts  round  his  tiirone ;  tofd  who, 
fiom  such  partisans,  might  derive,  for  himself  and  la|8  dynas- 
ty, the  most  essential  services. 

But  Uiis  is  all  surmise.    And  of  it»  probabUity,"as  well  as 

of  tiie  object  of  tiie  writer  of  tiiese  Otters,  whether  political, 

/commercial,  or  ecclesiastical ;  and  whetiier  in  trutii  tiie  whole 

/be  not  a  fabrication,  thejr  readers,  we  repeat,  must  determine 

for  themselves. 


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My  dear  jprefel^pCbr  and  frieni)^.  i^  V.  /  f  v1  c 

/  ■■,'■;■;'.■,".-■•■ 

!  ACCOBDQ^Q.topronte  ttena  after  y^  the 
Bfltioeof  St.  Pkrre,"  which  I  procured  from  >M.  dc 
*r-m,  to^  latu^p^ptould  into  Jt>|.epcercise  you  de- 
sired, before  f^^paiti^^  As  it  is 
authentiei  being  in  pun  cofnyiiinlciriled  hj  the  philo- 
sopKcr  hims^r^li?  M.  dt  — ^,  and  thereat  haying 
paased  iwder .his  observatbn,  yOu  are  at  li^ity  to, 
con^municate  it  to  bur  friends  at BaltioioiVor  any  ^ 
ivtherS)  yibfii  may  be  desirous  of  learning  particulars 

vV^mcJi  Hemy$0^ti;dc  St  Kerre  was  bom  in 
ijb^  l^jiltrict  pf  Caux,  in  tie  Province  of  Nonqi^y, 
fifiaii.ai^:i^t  ai^  jemectable,  jSmiily :  being  a^neiu- 
ifMm  ^-^^4^^  P*w^,  ccletiwtt4  for  ^  . 

iri  translation  from  the  iPreftch,  in^wMch  the 
riffiiiU TiL'ttMtMn"     P'  ■  ■'■■  'feiL   '"^ ■■■■'.'"■'     iit' -:'■'  *.':■■    ■'^^^■■'^5-m,-*  >-   ■^ 


,^; 


<!4- 


''If*;.   «        J 
if  . 


^ 


_  ^■'♦jA.  Jr.*  jA_i 


2 


h 


.'^ientific  acquirements,  and  especially  for  his  project 

of  a  per^tudl  peace ;  with  which  the  good  Carchnal 

Fleuiy  was  so  vi^H  pleased,  ^s  ,to  writf  to  Fontenelle 

that  it  would  be  happy  for  nnankind  i^  princes  would 

take  a  dose  of  the jilixiri  (if i  tliSi  exceUeht  project. 

IThe  Author  of  the  Studies  of  Nature  resembles  his 

relatfo^thc  Abbf,|i\|fO(Q<|n^  depth  of 

Imowledge,  and'  surpasses  hiin  in  genius  and^ 

lowers  of  elegant  composition*    At  an.  early  age,  hi? 

'  entejrei  '^pon  the  profession  of  aniiat«;And  travelled 

in  Russia  and  Poland.  Upon  his  re^m,  he  yna  sent, 

in  the  c^jf^city  of  an  eiigineer,  to  the  Ii^  of  Mma^i 

which  usefol  colonv  owes  its  continu*^  preservation 

marithne  ^rar^ui'  «^ip^  thev  liave'^inef  ^^^^ 

/   in(si»nBiiin'ab1e  deg^  W  |he  f^cf U<||t|  ^rtificatlom 
,  cdnstni^d  Wilder  'the'direa^il%fm'^lN^^'  ■  >'i^-io>: 

don  in  iittflftirf  is  too  rcstActivt ^ ^p; 
Stfi^^pa  diantemiJlaflSon  he  Itmged  to  j^ 
thi^^'^^ed  of  his  jpay  sii  an  officfer|^ 
generously  relmc^uished  what 
fikd',^'ih  favour  of  ^  sist«ir,  his 
l(^|il^1^s^r^S|)ect^il^ 
t|ie  'fete^f  g^ius  seemed  tb^lMiPii)^^^^ 
h^  neither  repined,  ndiP||,|g,4i|^^ 

*  i^^med'an  acqu^mtance  wltb  toMlcdb^'Ilc^^ 
whom  iieiescmblcd  in  Iqily  taki^  eM^^n^  $^ 
bility,a]t)d  devotion  to  retirement;  ,|)|C|||g||i,thef^  was 


.#  .-•.] 


inour  about  His  friend  St^Pierre.  ?^N    ^       /;6;^, 

^nUiedvbjr  tbeir^^fatioBfei,  4!iidftl^,feto^;^.  ram 
;^^^^  to;wfeorti:i«f^  Indebted  for 

^ff^«>^»^>  the  revolution.  But  he. w^ 
*^W^  esc«p^  ,he  l)erils  of  that  tmpest,  to  uWife 
reiWlv  to*  g,^<,^4^^  bfcA^and  Wcaw:^^ 


#• 

% 


». ;  «h»-oujp»^' aciendfic  ^p 
^^  one  of  the  only/neft  of  fctteWf 

fiSSr'    " '' '"  ^'  ^'r-'iiyiiitiialii  aaiii 

9Fskctch'ar^aHtf^)P:  beaiuie»i 

desire  of  most  readers  Jto  kiioff ']^ 

°*j*^  ^*«-  *«y  >dimre,  the  qudiW^llf.  r,em^, 

^^Z^-^^^^0f^f^^(^^-^  worker  tkttlwK 

.-rf#!j9  A|^ W,. Alii  ;,-*-* »,r  *^jjs&»i^*'*'^l  •  '  '    "'I^'R 


■.■','--T.>'- 


«kB 


_6h 


=1  }■ 


n'^"': 


i*i 


*4 


^: 


sent  %ji^fte  iii^:!|ilinit)ii^  af'^  ltfior%  m^ 


m-^prnxm  fBt^msm'yiroiM  have  b(i«ri  gMtifile4 

HO^ifl  rather  a  late-  %,  satMfi^S^  l^%idMbiiil 
jftuin^  to  marnngtt,  fiii|  &  ^nleiytkAn#^  '<if  dd- 
mestic  lifiH.  /  ^fliifl'  siki  ajpAst  i5t:ie«^  ie  iflitteifi^ 


*J! 


'  "'I>td'i#i9i$finl^^ 


dedii 

stuffy,  txidii'ivW 

nufy  f  'There  are  ino  more  { 

M^^Miirai^^  at^iMcSitk,  ithan  dii 
ctuumiitg  w^.    Lkdmrjr  mdi'* 
propagators  *  of ;  «»^  *otli^ 
IMidaiiie  BsiBer  lidrs^lf 
liihdrance  in  the  piirstiit  6t 
^mmsSt  his  tnnal^goiill  setTMS 
'^Ik^  pnest»j'  b^^K^^^^Vil 

'1km  i^  teM|^'  atid  ihore  ex( 
(to 


bvtier  *th^Aft  # 


%  doite  M)«ff  by  injollillfl" 
icians  an<f 'j)Mlds<^ei^f  ,^  "^ 

^Ifb  of  France.   T^val^'^Mfif  iM  (^  ^t 
'^     *'         *  Line  crossed  out. 


G6v30(^)iVl«i|^3Q0|d»^itiiichmeilt^a^  14^00010 
fomgnei^  .iiil%t»«tai 
shone  foifl^  thwHieiirfi  15^^ 
thou8iii«Miles  th«t  amf^iii  Ii4|^^i|||^^  m 

f  Apropos  ^f  the  sex.    Pmy  do  not  fiul  to  ^V^  lii 

sal.  i  preiai^je  they  are4inank(^i|i$ak^  J|^ 
the  origW  SipgUsli  HAvc»^  t^^^ 
Miilatio,!|die  Creole,  Africim,  and  ot^r  cit>s^8^<l|^/ 
must  ^mmi^m^mlyh^tvq^mm 

piinanfeilMilliiifii  ^mm^lA,.:Mma.»;A^mmM^r 


sca^ingtnifc,  play^ithlilyillg^l^ 

gutturMdit^es;wthW,i»it«itoc%l8iqipos<iki8  " 
not  of  this  picacm  age  hi  Americ*,   Jlvfcn  inEiia  * 
gland*  by  aU  accounts,  th(^  Mve  a  melancholy  sort  of 
routine,  walking  and  ridiiig  of  a  monung.  drinkinR 
and  picking  thru-  teeth  ^tenioons,  putting  each 

,  *  Line  crossed  out. 


»  f ,.  *';1 


T.m^r-}-f--3^^^'^ 


*„• 


_.     •    ,J. 


t-V 


p 


■r- 


tll^  pii^iifti^ijlhilil^  Infer 

the  Unitcf  Stotcs,  a^  pyei-^om  p^ 
suicidical,  a»a   %jif .  iwcsgemto?^,  of  ,t^  u^other 


a» 


t^ii^-^E^^  be  done  f    •    ,    t 


f7 


m        J 


■  sent  to  ^»*0lmmilMhuim'^Umm  nabut 
and  :B<m,^mmM^  ilie,rIrri«H»ck  yd*,  1.^ 
me,  my  worthy  instructor,  long  stori»  «f  i^bfi. 
can  bipcd»>od  commercml  usages. 

«nc  summons  to  U^gc ;  and  Idd  not  think  I  should 
depart  without  at  least  thitc.  Pmigethora,mianm 
part  of  the  time,  die  emperor  wHs  gone  to  die  wars  ;• 
Mid|if^ideav|gfM^ 

*?****^l^|^*%^  doring  his  august  absence. 
Since  hiltiiiitthere  has  been  nothii^  \m  rtjoicing 
and  festivity.  liM^^me^mi^meaAB  «e  no^r 
K^iilPOur  walls,  cdch  one  holdh^  a^S^Jitfirte  and 
splendid  court,  so  as  to  i«idfir  ft  ami>ie^i«ri^ 


to  flU  ^didr  ms. 

tl«e  thea^ 
p^lblic 


round.' 
i#^%fop 
df  this 


^wiU  subside.  ^#iN^iMDgular*fii^ 

""'^^^l^li^iWjFipain,  •  and"  NafMfi 

^^^   ,,  ^^^^■'WpiPS*^^  on  "fllif' 


# 


wM^'^M^-m^  '-^^■• 


„.  ^ 


^i^if 


;\2   jj-t*Siv 


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-^>,- 


B 


'■>  ■•**>■''''■>>>•■' 


i' 


'^^'l^f^ki'  inlbmipted— .Good'  -God^^yj^^i^'t-v^wc  opfy 
tniie%aidd&rewdl;  a  loDg^pferfaaps  aneteroalfi^ 

'wdis^ijtys(i,:.jay  bdoved  friend  and  guid^i.,^;^, ,. 


#      " 

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(      ■ 

f    ,       4      ■ 

'A                               ' 

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fci 

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^t^J^ALvAl 

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k^^^ 

•••"■  ,.l»».^l|PW|SHp 

BRSH1«!S.5" -: ■'.'-.;, 

f  »«^  .  _<k    ■-"•"5*55 

.  „,j ;.  ^^f^V'i^li^Uiirji 


"U- 


'"■■'■'-'•''■■   LETTER  a  ■r.M%^'--;;. 


^-^f.  'rf  , 


I    } 


v-r'Tf 


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4t     -. 


^VBARAMONDTOINCmQnm.     "' 


»       ■  'iiS 


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■  1 


CHie  preoedbf  (««gt  y^^towa  ii  ^jj^j 


.ft. 


^'POOR  Charlemont!-The  ibql^ed  fetfer  was' 
forwarded  to  me  open,  from  the  prefectuwi  of  *  •  •. 
with.some  strictures     '     •:  ^?#  *  '  »  .!^     ,■'   '' fc. 

I  have  also  received,  by  a  private  hand,  icomAt' 
i^t^  op  the  subject  from  O.,  with  aU  the  pj^ticu; 
5*^  ll  aeeQu,  thatoo  intriliieiice  of  an  appitliS^: 
«a  descent  near  Cherbourg,  he  was  forced  to  volim. 
^to  the  conscription,  without  even  drawi^ml 
P^iP#r  his  attadunem  to  a  company,  he  ^ 
IjSfWJd  to  go  to  his  iod^ifigs,  w^er  a  serkari^ 
misirJ^id  in  hb  regimental^^      ^mij^ij^  m^l^ ' 
^;  tgr which te hadanot^o^^ 
EM^/^^  /l^teargiiptenedinhis^^ 
^weff  filtered  on  his  tonpl    But  tT^  dmW  Lm- ' 

TO?^  him  away  ;j^nd,  inspired  with  the  80un<L|ita^* 
de^hisujM^ 

»and  me,  he  flew  to  hfa  comrades  at  the  md; 
on  Hiarchcd  a^y  with  them  to  his  quaitcra. 


JS?"  ■ 


i^ 


n^^ »  >     ,    s 


-:^i^ 


r: 


^U&^^mxoyercfmt  ^^  the  n^oment  it  hll 
artest,  and  iiliideed  I  i^  confess  ^e  dismay  with^ 
in^h  I  flist  heard  of  his  tseiiig  ^orh  from  us,  led  nie 
into  i'tiyn  of  reflection  on  that  prodigioils  engine  of 
state,  the  militaiy  conscription,  winch,  I  am  happy 

'  to  say,  hiis  tenninated  m  the  removal  of  an  my  tin- 
easmess,  and  iti3^^i^^itc6t«c|teih«nt  to  ^t  'most 
useful  and  in^pjensable  measure  of  state  necessity. 

^Meeoi^mi piipne  to  in^n^liate impresnons,  with- 
out lirang  up  their  conteQ^tioh  to  results ;  and  they 
su£b'  motneirit^  aibtii^'j^ri^aiddns  ti>^^  1^^ 
^  distant  permwcntadvantages.  But  what  c»m  be  n^ 

^iXH^<3idbry  to  f ^  fiiisfc  prin^ipTesI  of  fi  body  pbtitic^ 
thiuntii^t  one.c^its  meitoberf^  a' i^  ifii»e, 

diould  rc^se  its  office  ib  any  w^y  the  whole  body 
may  command  ifr  ?  The  conscripdon  is  unpopiv 
k^'  tki^yis^!  ii^^E^I^^^  mpsM  i^  in{erior 
i^1u€al^lhc6t^ 
^Bl^  IS  iidt  ^m^li^ire  dt'td*day ;  hor  id it  uio£|pnng 
b^^  n^volutibri,  ieriiTe  as  that  crisis  was  ih  %l^  a^ 
^^(^ei^  cri»ti€»u.  <*  t  We  seei^  iii  ^y  ^^v^ 
^^  W^l^  irtfiost  ^itUtt^^ 
torit!^\vn^i^^'^sel[i#6^  ^criilts  led  dBTIii'^idt^ 

iiielii^ct6i^»*'  1*  fe  «0d*tia^:t>M  ti^ 

^i^ii^ilt'of  la^  mp^,  ^^^6^  thdr  abi$ 


% 


.  statesman 


^Siiftd, 


in 


ki': 


■■S^i 


•■fe 


y-' 

-.-^^J^^-*- 

■      *       *     ■ 

.:f 

-<■•-.' 

■/J 

,■ 

■e 

p- 

;.■  ; 

■  -'  "■ 

t     ■ 

t 

'*  ■ 

• 

■   n 

% 

i?^^^ti^if 

*                 ( 

^...,. 

M^?niriififliiirtii 

it 

■ii 

•^sf 


•■Jj 


■V' 


t» 


1* 


'^'a^-' 


thrc)i*#)|*^ib^«f^  wields 

j^||iV  times  of  danger,  and  w^  kaovr  how,<rf|wi 
:^  jfew»  was;  shut,  the  pqrji^sjd  <rf  se|wlM^ 

Jwfc  to  ^  dvi!  magistracy  till  he  liid, served  t^ 
campaigns.    Once  a  year  the  whpte  (Mimitiy 
jpifjl^ed  for  popular  inspection.    No^  excuses 

or  illness  j  notWj  " 

r,- waslisterittito. 
wasi^swom;  and  when  ^e  selections'^^ 
*,  a  moQt^^nl^^^nline  went  into  immediate 


■-*£l- 


t*  ifw^idfe^wi^ 


;^% «m  in)rielf  cl«atfy  cotit&eed^  wdl^ 

''^'knbws'  oif  thmg'  oif  th6'''£ftij|!|i|^^rs|^i^|^^^^ 

it  'iHthout  ittpresraig,'  it  ^'  iliM||fpM|iy^    lioM^  --i 

le'i&t  «l)liiii"tt*  time  in ''l^Sl^^|Kili1'iM«M% 
a)rrf  CMtthaiuTt  Sfima  M  the' iAlmWM^MH, 


i<m^ 

IMb 

i^kFt  1970. 

i 

« 

t 

^1 

't                                 '         _"  1 

r<\i 


.■&,-,. 


-*f 


•ji,- 


1^ 


*»!. 


I. 


im0tA  t}ie  funded  and  worn  oiit  ;'i)iit  baiKii  ho^ 
l^bilii^^^ti^  ovations,  and  allotm^tsoef  lands 

iiribj^^^9t|pi|^^  Frenpfa  com- 

pkiii<«f  dM^  $drvic^t  ii^there  ijny  thing  ih  the  coo^ 
sei'^iiipa  iOT^orous,  to^l^^  so  ungratefiilf.'yuV 
'-'^l&i^'  If  t()r  •  eompariscMi  with  the  nmilar  reguladons 
at'  ahcietitt  aid:  of  modem  powtrs^^  ^  -we  Ycasona  ibir 
a4i^i|ing  the  con8cr^)tion,  whai  ismttt^ht  oat  attain 
tnents  of  admiiiation  ai^  gratitude,  wHen  wfrbdiold 
''^kP^^  ff  yow  countryman,  the  boding  Buite^ 
d^uil^  in  France,  before  the  revolutioii^'ao^liMUih 
to  aii!^  and  command  hid  tninscend^mt  imaginkil^ii^ 

,l)MlB#fic«nGe;,<4';  W^  higi^,  i^Adii  and  lnid|ef  ^  ,tho 

o||Kurtuni^  pf  her  artifici<|l  canals  and  navi^Uoni  op«DiDg 

the   conveniences    of  muitime  c6inDiunicati<te '  througii  % 

kA<i  continent  oi£iSo  iiiitil««ise  ud  ^extent ;  ^(^  I  mirii'liijr 

AyM  to  ihe  itnliMAndbia*  if  ovkB  of  tier  i^rts  and  imrbckm,  and 

^tj0r  whole  naval  i^iparatiaa^  wh^the^fer  wiur  or  trade  ;)|^Mi 

||invg.  before  ro]r«  view  the  numher  ^fjei"  lottific^do^^  (i^c^ 

structed  whh  so  bold  and  masterly  a^^lkill,  and  nuule  ani 

ined  at  so  prodigious  a  chai^,  presenting  an  armed 

impenvtittble  barrier  to  her  etiettilea^  trii  everj^  sldeH 

|1f|Ptti'reec4iect  |i6w  verjr  small  a  part  of  that  exten^ve  iIn' 

l^^is  if»ithout  ^tN^,  and  to  what  complete  pQxliictiiiii 

^klture  of  ipm^  <^  the  b^st  pn>ductigD«|if  the^eiMfh  %^ 

tMSe^  hreu^t  in  France  jf^hen  I  reflect  on  the  excdlence  of 

^fsr,  niai^nlaGlaireft  a^d  fi^rics,  second  to  none  but  ours,  md  in 

%  ,,aMn^  Plirtkhla^n^lllecond  ;(wken  I  conteni|date  the  grand 

^jEc^jindMioqp  fl^yiM^^  uid  private  ;{when  I  survey  the 

Mp^^lJ^^e  has  bredfor-extending  her-.&me  in^  ii||^ 
her  able  sti^smen,  the  multitude  of  her  profiound  lawyipni 
and  theologian^  her  philosophers,  l^er  critics,  her  historiainil 


*%** 


■tf4-  \'v4-  • 


hf:'''U 


wM  wtouM  hiive  f^h&B  leflcctiensi  had  he  lived  to 
\m^iott.hmmkM  tmm  .die  ashes  of  deaolatiofr  he 
irmmiwi  iOhmc  astonishing  inttamal  improvement 
and  blessings,  which,  no  Jess  than  his  unparaBded 
victofiet,  are  the  gioriea  of  ^that  inoon^amble  beings 
toi^  whose  guidance  the  destinies  d^  the  ficoch  em. 
1^  hav^  since  bm  *«^i(iip!^  %  Mi-fliAniscient 
^iretpdeaeep^ndiv  wlKiotdqlidtgea^  ponscrip- . 
tion  woAsi  like  t^rcM|^,4d»itheimod  df  dbud. 

^^HHrniii'ljiiliiiiommission,  efethelhimd«iv^lKi»|6|Qte 
' * '  'l!»|J»*t itsjiregiess.  .     .-■■"/;;  ■-^f%ftj^t^,f,;> . 
ate  those  Fiienohn|en  that  hope  tx^^iesiiacitato 

-^fpipl^dllllliitf  the  hQUse.o<^~Bour>> 

diefiR^ndttA^nils  amoi^thc^i^ 
^^i^  worn  out  stock  to  obs 
is  in  the  aid  oC  the  deadly,  :^ 
Toes,  both  of  the^Bourbonsand  ^^TJ^^^m*' 

^  fh^  new  fftaOi  dyn^  f  jjlcir  ite 
e  hatred  of  France,  sfaaip^  by  the  .^ 
^'  k9^l^^i^eagtf  f. mixed  Up  k^  ih^  ^(S 


% 


# 


i  they,  who  since  dfcir  own  Bmyf^,  over* 

«d  «tiquaric«,  her  poets  wd,h«r  omtors,  sacreT ^J/^^^  . 
.|ne,  I  behold  iu  all  this  somethmg  which  awis  and  <^ 
«i|ul«  the  imaginaUon,  kc^J?«rihr',  Jtefltctipl,  on  tJieR^^ 


BIV6 


"  .;<■ 


/' 


T 


><> 


^^c<;  i;"  wS;  axi**  i/-h'  «|W>  ,"isi^. 


^^  ":Sinat»S«r!.l£i/u-"' 


v    - 


• 


14 


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)'' 


^tmamwtipeDOkmm^Mm^^t^  Wmm  UL  the 
p^mmiatKgaiiat  of  JUpuu  X(V.  bMMt^ragoA  mm 
comimad  eon^^  of  hoitililiea,  oometiinM  JMiealuBg , 
oul  Ib  foleiim  war,  and  at  odieiaiio  Jejugotivt  imdir 
plomatic  stratagem,;  ag^psk  ihe  wrU  baag,  ti»  jftrf 
aaHenee  <lf  ttie  French, mtioa.  Ld  «•  np(  |jN^4^ 
oaii«d  %r.A^  subjugation  <^^^^  hate  anigg^ 

IcpkseiflC  attiaiieei  4^Ma|oiistrou8,  unreal,  and  jUMiir 
tnndiii  it  im^x^  jaaw^fmii^  ycmi  since  xAw 4pf  ^ 
fMal^aRd  «otM!  UberaLsof  ^^£^      «tat9atQiqii^MdiBtino 
pllhflikimoag  his  conntrfmenrlbr  his  «aat4)f  Bcitiah 
antipathy  toward  the  FrenefafileUvered^j^^ 
the  fMtionj  A  e9i|f^>niliMl«peeoh^ in  «fai(jh  this^piiisage 
-.-  V      occiti8ti5.^^ai^sJMiA^ 
t,;      i&8h#3diiigs,iii%oairi^ 
- ';^y)^  of  ;die'Jioiiae<.df/,.Baii^|iOBitD'':^^ 
■^"'''  hapfc^thatfi||^.aiiiaRtD.hGarhc^ 


■»'-# 


•,'r<'i 


fi9»»^  n»t  hii^M^lo^^ 

the  insatiable^  ,spi:it  of  that  race.    Tl^iy  • 
e  imiajpt^tlie  pmtWW  their  gi«at  {trototyfif^     ' 
^thit)ugii  tteirwhqje  career  of  mischief  and 
ctimes,  have  done  m  more  than  servUdLV  trace  &e 


.,"> 


5fa?f-« 


^lA, 


t  i 


La    # 


m^inmtiiw^aiid  mtag()d  tlKt%  tliiy  k«vt  do^  it 

uiiiftiaEli**"'^  pnn«P^rtf  tl^yiiw*  nrined  tod 
."WiMiiia  ^ere^niH  H  k  cfltiicly.^tt||er  the  Boyt« 
f^tn Miner;  tf  ^  kive ^^ AMembttd  wMi  ifai 
of  fei«%ii  ecMiiitiifiii  «i^|MifeMiided  to  iiti^ 
^j^  tiieir  ^fwii,  th€f  Ml  <My  MMOt^mam 
ifl^adttiibdii  example.  ThewholeldBtoiy  of  Hit' 
IM  eemury  Is  Uttte  tebu^  /than  8q  ft^eount  of  Hii 
imgfiid  ^  oibBiitiM  arisiiig  ihNniii^  i^MMi?n» 
bHittHf  piRteti^iM^  md  mm  peOOf  tif  Hwrhiiiilif 

|(flfti«^  dr  Grtsat  Mta^  i^^ 

«fot6in^iievei«iceforihe|^^      »fefi#i?  iM^I^ 

fliettsttibgl6ctfe  Aehi8t<»yof^^^         tfiat^'^ 
fcffeai«tfjr  crowns  of  Eun^  a^^^ 
^  IfeaAi^  imd  ftait  tlie  onfy  bhe  otf  wIhcIi  #i^ibte  iM 
vaioini^^^aPRgninuiteiittim     tifrtytity,  'ii6i^  "^^ 
*»^;8fi3i*6ttce,  was  raised  irom^the  dil^  oii  the  ^^i^ 

■  ^^micH  from  tmsumm^tmmii^^ 

■  tlfl^%•^#n  «Mrc¥lf>  ^^,,Hm||,,^ 
r^ipe^  to  tlif  commuiuc 


«*»W3r,WQft»v«|<,|^l8i»,' 


/'^wi-/  vr^i  ,!3t8f»?.f,^  4„ 


W         ^' 


V     " 


M' 


\r 


J 


^  ^-  h" ' ' ' 


V 


4i"'  mj  ^m  ?^^A": 


r^ 


y-  '  -      * 


%    '■ 


)n^ 


"".v 


Ml 
I 


It" 


M 


fmnve  ^  financed  o€  France  restorei  ti>  ^^6iB^ 
teiu^iiiiNqrMeiii, ^^id  an  inmual  disbursement  of « 
niiffidbilDU^oiis  Divided  for  withont  ^trapidBHtfy 
fH^pdits;  wlieii:^  comider  ^t  pocn*,  and  poor  rates 
H^  p^vasures  lio  longer^existing';  that  much  moref 
land  is>eultivi^bed^raiid'^vided  among  smaUerf^^ 
prietoiSy?  ttbfift  lielt^  tlie  V  jrearr  1789 ;  ibai  com  lod 
irifie,>  aapilppi;^^^  of  subsistpice^  «n^ 

abundai|l^iii|i^i||lii|i^thai  ^^  of  moneys  iir 

re^(^l})Pi^  influx  attendant  on  flecu]i(y#om  10 
aiid>^.1)0  3i8iid4^^  <0»lb;  when  we  behold  public 
Greditm  full  vigour  and  reputation ;  natbnal  schools 
''IPIglifliiCwM  ii'ijiii  department ;  obsolete  laws; fc^ect. 
ii|kl>i<rniodified»  and  modem  provl|ionB  ingraE^  into 

iv^  iHiVl^leaming  muni|h^ 
fostered  and  floulriah« 
^^  filHIiiitation  viy^^  and  com- 

when  we  survey  die  fertile  fields^ 
>^|liined  and  mountains  lefelledi^ 
^l^t  the  public  charge,  without 
mdividuat  tdi^ci^^,  connecting  distant  ]»rovinces; 
fiplfive  contesi;ipliite>the  modem  metropolis  qf  the 
IIPl^fadopp^Mpnth  die  master  works  of  all  agesi«nd 
^|^*»*^«ii^^j|»ost  elegant  and  enlig^itenei| 
||ii%  of^4l|^}^pM86|lt;  and  when  we  iieflect  that 
1lt^iSm^^l^,^lff^S/fl^fi^^         few  years  andfof 

^Hiil^^niJBge  from  that 
9,  OTtrebel  against. the 
it-with  !Wliieh  he,nd«e4^  scene!   From 
jh^Hlacti^.  mi^£hiiitidm  gi|l«ipoUtiQal  c^os, 
Wderihe  imijfi»^m^mp(AB^ik^        ^^^^: 

Jrnii||pt  jof  tiaile,  the  visions  of  ages,  has  become  an 


u 


i'r#- 


•  >, 


fc-^i^""/'  ^-^Xf'^Wik 


0 


# 


vi''^:^i 


IT 


'# 


imineiiac  empiic,  tranquil  withui,  terrible  abxt^id; 
new  kingdoms  have  mm  \m>  J^lngi  christjat%  je. 
toins  to  her  pillaged  aanctuaiiies ;  And^^njjeiiusalc^ 
raises  her  bowed  head  from  Uie^afth;-!^  hai% 
sciences,  diemiaby^  imnerak)^,  suitbieiiMlic&  aimi 
astronomy,  shoot  up  fix>m  a  Kiilrmoitlcined  with 
blood  and  manured  with  fooocs*  to  spread  their  golden 
ftnitage  over  desoUte  legions;  while  poetry^  paint- 
ing, sculpture  and  miteic,  wanton  under  (Mr  sh^, 
and  eacouragelhof  «xpanaion* .  ^4,^    ^  ;  .t,;;*^    i 


.« 


,-vi\ 


»;?,.! 


NteJtt  to  these  prin^ry  oljj^ts,  whil«i  yqu  i^^n^i^^ 
on  those  shores,  whefe,<pes|il^9<^  and -<^^./y^^Pn^' 
the  &te  o|*^w  cr^,  eiHlcii^  Po^mmm^'^ 
possible^  ihe  ifiHt  i«ttbp©liiey  ofilhat  u^ 
unionofdi^ohrtcdsovere^nties,  which  «eems  so  Q%p 
to  hang  on  the  brink  of  a  n^tuee^  Wd  jrft  Wf^mm 
mtegral    InevcrcouW  he  ^itisfied w2th yottrii<i«9V9 
of  that  country,  which  perhaps  ma^  change  on  tW* 
visits    The  spirit  of  lor^  traffic,  which  lights 
the  flames  of  the  last  wars  in  Europe,  and, has, ftf 
sixteen  years  fed  them  with  fresh  fuel,  predominates 
to  a  fatal  degree  in  the  United  Stales  of  America. 
This  appanage  of  their  motfier  country,  this  buck, 
sterns  heritance,  will  be  a  curse  and  not  a  Wessmg  to 
them.    With  the  vast  concatenation  of  lakes  and  ri- 
vers, which  bounds*  connects,  liatilizes,  and  forti- 
fies their  western  fkxmtier,  why  ahduld  they  tempt  the 
troubled  waters  of  the  Atlantic  f 
At  the  close  of  their  revolution,  they  were  a 


^ 


=*^^^«rHf^af  a  ppTrcitfi^  hint. 


^ 


,;M:' 


:1 .': 


18 


fiU, 


■-\ 


and  a  warlike— a  characterized  peofde.  But  have  they 
not  become  ignoble  and  rapacipiis,  tame  to"*  fordgn 
insult  and  spoliation,  and  intractaUe  to  legitimate 
authority  ?^  commerce  is  their  national  bond  of 
union,  is  not  knavery  their  predominant  national 
characteristrc  ?  That  trade,  which  seems  to  be  their 
sole  pursuit,  unless  disciplined,  within  due  bounds, 
will  lead  firom  base  submisaon  to  bloody  hoa^ties 
and  inevitaUe  destructicni.  .^f  d   . .  Ijsj ,/  * 

It  has  long  been  a  &vourite  opinion  with  several, 
distinguished  men  here,  and  particularly  with  Cardi«; 
nal  Maury,  that  it  would  not  be  impossible  to  substi- 
tute die  Catholic  idigion  for  the  deplorable  deluge 
of  creeds  that  has  flowed  upon  th^i^  wi|h  what  they 
call  toleration;   and  ^  French  language  for  the 
German,  Irish,  English,  and  <itfaer  dialects  that  pie- 
vaU.    French  is  now  the  most  genend  language  of 
the  milized  nations  of  the  world.    The  Engli^  cor 
loMes  are  the  only  parts  of  the  globe,  in  which  it  is 
probable  the  Engli^  tongue  will  be  pieserved :  and 
as  it  would  contribute  greatly  to  the  £icilities  of  inter- 
national intercouhe,  that  at  least  the  civilized  por- 
tions of  the  earth  should  spesik  the  same  language,  I 
eannot  consider  it  an  unreasonabte  requisition  of  the 
Americans  to  adopt  French  as  their  vernacular.    Do 
you  believe  the  opposition  to  this  change  would  be  in- 
surmouBtaWc?    Their  neighbours  of  Canada  bid 
Loubiana  have  already  this  advantage,  which  the  in- 
habitants  of  the  states  might  easily  acquire.    I  wish- 
cd|  to  have  conversed  with  you  on  this  subject,  and 
some  others  of  a  similar  kind ;  buti  my  indisposition 
M»d  your  short  stay  m  t.ii^,  deprived  me  of  the 


opportumty. 


v'i*T^ 


:#'m& 


f^iM^feM"-, 


';^f  ^«]pW* 


19 


>f. 


Not  onljr  idie  language  ah^  the  church,  but  the 
state  and  population  b«ng  composed  of  such  hettefo. 
geneous  and  mBitant  materials,  it  i^  absuitl  to  sup- 
pose  the  contmuation,  for  anW  considfcnible  period,  of 
such  a  nation,  especiaUy  when  feebly  held  together 
by  a  nerveless  government   f  Nothing,"  wrote  Ans. 
totle  two  thousand  years  ago,Ldall;nibsequent  expe- 
nencehas  made  an  axiom  of  what  waaiat  firet  but  an 
opmion—"  Nothing  is   infit  unfiiendiy  to  public 
teanquillity  than  dissimiUtuAe  of  character  in  the  ci- 
tizens.      A  heterogeneou^    assemblage  of  mixed 
tribes  cannot  speedily  coalesce  into  a  nation;  and 
communities  which  have  ^wn  populous  by  sudden 
accessions  are  commonl/ torn  by  sedition."    This 
When  applied  to  tjie  American  states,  is  prophecy . 
in  the  full  train  of  verificaW 
Thedcstmctive  fevei^^ 
fatal  thai  faction.    I  ha4  always  thought  with*  the 
Abbg  Raynal,  that  Ac  Wuilation  wiU  neverexceed 
ten  miUions.    But  of  all  these  things,  and  many^ 
others,  you  wiH  give  jiis  the  results  of  your  unm^i 
diate  observation;  and,  as  you  know,  for  the  h^ 
possible  reason,  I  mos^  anxiously  desire  youmaylnd 
cause  to  assure  us  ji  om-  error.  ^But  remember 
what  rehance  rests  on(  your  assurances,  and  be  cau- 
tious  accordingly.    Almost  as  you  advis6  we  wiU 
act.    And  I  trust  yfeudiily  appreciate  die  import, 
ance  of  your  recominendatioU,  and  the  momen^us 
consequences  to  vfWch  itmay  lead. 

JtT.  ^^"^^n^verfoiiotten  in  our  pi^ 

Wnte  daily,  and  wiite  atlMii*Jevermm/L:  ^ 
t ■  miri^_     it  -  _- -■]  "^^'gapS^vcr mmd  oppoe^ 
p«*,«iBc  comes  together,  so  much  the 


-fe  ' 


.  •  1*1  ■ 


I.   > 


-wH' 


•«^ 


ilkvLl.l       } 


:"'':''':''W''  ''^'"'■--':  '^:':Ww^%#' 


SO 


better.  This  letter  should  have  been  longer  and  bet- 
ter cofintoted,  if  I  held  a  pen  with  less  difficulty. 
Your  AelflH^ads  are  aH  well»  widi  their  eyes  fixed  on 
youi.    May  Ood  preaenie  and  ptotper  yiwi.    Cm* 


i( 


l  r: 


if 


m 


■nyy^ 


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■>\ 


..>:t  ■ 


, ,,      .  ... 


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■  ■•■•  '^ 


.<^ 


LETTER  IH. 


CUNRICKAKD  TO  INCHIQUIN. 


OearB 


Dated  at  London. 


WJj^  recdved  a  few  days  ago,  by  an  accidental 
conveyance  through  Holland,  your  letter  from  Li^gc, 
anijouncing  your  intended  departure  for  America, 
whither  I  now  address  myself,  as  I  take  it  for  granted 
you  must  Ikye  arrived  before  this  time.    Your  aster 
received  Uic  infelligvnce  with  considerably  uneasi- 
mess,  asyou  know  she  alw^  had  a  dread  qi*  the  cli- 
mate? In  iIaI,  unwholesome  country,    I  regretted  it 
for  U|at,^and  for  other  reasons,  which  I  will  take  this 
occasion  to  impait  in  the  most  unreservedl  manner ; 
as  I  am  sure,  however  we  may  differ  in  opinion,  we 
can  exchange  sentiments  without  olfence.     It  was 
your  misfortune,  at  least  I  tfamk  so,  to  have  been 
brou^t  up  at  j^  Oqier'a,  where  you  imbibed  pre- 
possessions  uncongenial  with  the  habits  andx;ourse  of 
lifis,  to  which  from  your  birth  and  fortune  you  were 
destined,    Xou  wiU  do  me  the  justice  to  admit  that  I  , 
never  did  approve  of  yo^^  attachment  to  the  Jesuits, 
rJifei    {^rdoR  my  franknei^i 


L 


%f 


.A 


^:iM 


■^v5 


22 


time  I  should  be  explicit  Had  you  never  left  Ire. 
land,  until  your  ideas  received  a  permanent  cast, 
I  am  now  fully  persuaded  that  we  should  both  have 
avoided  those  rocks,  on  which  your  fortunes .  were  ^^ 
dashed  to'pieces,  and  from  which  mine  had  so  nar. 
row  an  escape.  Be  that  however  as  it  may,  the" 
questid)!  at  present  is  not  to  remedy  the  past,  but 
from  its^  lessons  t6  learn  to  provide  f(^  the  future.  It 
has  always  been  matter  of  poignant  regret  with  your 
family,  that,  whatevo*  were  your  persecutions,  you 
should  seek  refuge  among  the  natural,  and  at  this 
time  the  declared  andcruel  enemies  o{  your  coun- 
,try;  among  a  people  soiled  .with  every  crime  as  a 
nation,  and  of  the  utmost  depravi^  as  individuals. 
Mr.  Burke's  prophecies  h%ye  been  so  dreadfully-  re- 
alized, and  at  th€  same  time  it  has  pleased  an  aUwise 
Providence  to  vouchsafe  such  incredible  success  to 
didr  Inhuman  designs,  that  it  truly  may  be  said  that 
sacrilege,  massacre  and  perfidy,  pile  up  **  the  sbmbre 
pyramids  of  their  renown.'*  All  tfaje  iniquities  in 
history  are  transcended  by  the  vices  aind  degradation 
of  die  modem  French;  not  in  their  revolutionaiy 
excesses,  which  were  popular  ebullidohs,  capable, 
perhaps,  of  some  extenuation,  and  of  which  I  own 
that  in  con^mbn  with  many  others,  who  ar^  now 
smarting  under  4heir  efifects,  t  caught  the  sanguinary 
contagion.  But  their  disregard  of  every  religious 
and  moral  obligatic^,  their  abject  submission  to  the 
most  remorseless  despot,  suswhose  footstool  an  en- 
slaved people  ever  grouched,  above  all,  their  insidious 
and  barbarian  persecution  of  QicsA  Britain,  a  mag- 


}» 


jk 


1 


23 


chatacter  so  hateful  In  the  eyes  of  aU  civiUzed  man- 
kindi  that  I  hold  it  one  of  a  Britoii's  mo8t  sacred  dil- 
ties  to  loathe  a  Fpenchman ;  and  I  cabnot  reflect  with- 
out  shame  and  horror,  that  any  person  so  near  and 
dear  to  me  as  you  are,  by  the  ties  of  Wood,  con- 
nection  and  friendship,  should  be  a  willing  partici- 
pator  of  their  dangers  and  depravity.   Thb  is  strong 
language;  but  you  must  bear  with  me.    What  se- 
curity have  you,  my  dear  Inchiquin,  that  the  mon- 
sters, whocompose  thepoUce,  may  not  at  any  mo- 
ment  tear  you  froni  your  bed,  and  plunge^  you  in  a 
dungeon,  ^  transport  you  to  some  remote  and  de- 
structive latitude^.  Dejwnd  upon  it,  a  foreigner  must 
always  be  a  mark  of  suspicion.     I  cannot  at  this  dis- 
tance think,  without  an  involuntary  shudder,  of  the 

Temple,  the  Wood  of  Vincennes,  and  the  many  other 
places  appropriated  to  human  immolation.    How  can 
yo(i  be  certain  that  the  next  conscription,  breaking 
through  any  immunities  in  which  you  may  imagme 
younelf  entrenched,  may  not  drag  you  in  chains 
like  a  malefactor  to  the  fit>ntier,  and  expose  you  to 
.  an  ignominious  death?  for  such  it  certainly  would 
be  to  M  in  the  cause  of  France.    Theseare  por- 
tentous, and  jrou  may  think  idle  bodings.    But  I 
tirge  the^  with  the  mo*e  zeal,  because,  whUe  you' 
resided  on  the  contment,  I  feared  to  expose  you  by 
venturing  an  appeal,  which,  if  discovered,  (and  the 
French  post-offices  have  no  regard  for  the  saiictity  of  - 
a  pnvate  correspondence)  might  have  not  only  de- 
featedits  own  purpose,  but  betrayed  you  at  once 
into  the  power  rf  the  poKce.    Doesnotyour  lateact 


indeed  allcAt  die  probability  of  the  results  I  depre: 


t    1 


r      JM 


\ 


oate?  Why  dse  have  you  left  France,  wfa^  atleast 
you  might  enjoy  those  sockd  recreations  to  which 
you  are  accustomed,  to  wander  in  the  wilds  of  Amco 
inxski  where  yoii  must  rdihquiah  every  such  enjoy, 
nentf  Your  letter  is  ^silent  respecting  ^  motives 
for  your  toj/age^  rrhvck  has  set  us  adrift  on  an  ocean 

.  of  anxioud  'conjectures.  I  presiimft  .h  Is  *  politieBl ; 
Ibr  though  ymvixsources  must  be  narrow,  i  do  not 
suppose  you  can  have  laimched  into  any  mercantile 
qieculations,  with  a  view  to  ittneving  them.  But 
why  have  you  gone  at  idl?  My  last  advices,  if  they 
ever  reached  you,  gave  you  reason  to  expect  that, 
upcNi  showing  a  l^rcper  oontrid(Ui,  govommoit  may 
hereafter  permit  you  to  return  to  tthis,  th^  oialy  *re- 

^^maihing  asylum  of  tranquilli^  and  happiiieflii;  It  is 
now  conceded,  tiiat  you  were  nOI  guilty  of  the  crimes 
chained  agsmist  you ;  Jthd  thoi^  it  is  too  late  to  re- 
trieve Ihe  r^jim.in  w^h  we  were  all  involved,  a  dis- 
position is  entertained  to  fongive  txansgressions  that 
flowed  rather^^  youth  and  enthusiasm,  than  the 
judgment  ^ut  the  first,  and  an  indispensable  step, 
is  the  abandonment  of  the  French  wA  th^  domi- 
nions. *Nor  will  your  voyage  to  the  American  states 
be  an  acceptable  procee^Un|f,  unless,  as  I  sometimes 
flatter  myself,  it  should  appear  diat  in  consideration 
of  the  difficulties  attending  a  di|tct  transit,  you  havo 
gMie  there  only  preparatory/to  your  return  to  En- 
gland.' ■^■ 

In  the  mcanwhile-wciiave  hapjner  tidings  to  com- 
municate. I  do  i^  you  observe,  date,  as  hereto- 
fore, from  Kiilmallodc.  Smce  my  last,  every  re- 
stnnnt  has  beetrTemoved  from  our  pciaons,  and-l 


> 

have    succeeded,  through  the  influence  of  Lord 
MoJra,  in  obtaining  a  place  in  the  Cuatoma,  which 
yields  about  1001.  ayear :  a  miserable  pittance,  to  be 
sure,  compared  with  the  affluence  we  fell  frbm,  but 
sJiJl  a  great  amelioration  of  our  condition  for  the  last 
^J|(five  years.    Upon  receiving  the  appointoient,  I  re- 
paired  immediately  to  London,  without  even  taking 
Dublin  in  my  way,  and  entered  witfi  alacrity  upon 
the  ^ties  of  a  place,  which  fonnerly  I  shoiUd  have 
considered  with  much  contempt.    It  reqMire*,  in- 
deed^ my  moit  assiduous  attention ;  and  when  I  re- 
flect on  what  I  was  bom  to,  aU  the  philosophy  I  have  , 
learned  ij^  requisite  to  a^ble  me  to  dweU  with  com-  ' 
posure  on  a  i(pverse  imposed  upon  me  and  my  inno- 
cent  famUy  1^  6n  accusation  so  wicked  and  unjust. 
As  long  as  ^e  were  under  any  sort  of  confinement, 
a  piiiwipl^  reastance  suppressed  the  emotions  of 
despair.    %t  now  that  there  is  no  longer  any  pres- 
sure  to  create  such  a  reaction,  the  firstlings  of  mU- 
fortune  prove  extremely  bitter.    We  are,  however, 
tranquil,  at  least,  if  aotconteoted.   I  Jt^ve  taken  and 
furnished,  in  the  homeliest  style,  a  smaU  house  li 
Shugg  Lane»  where  your  sister  has  lately  lain  in  with 
our  fifth  daughter,  two  of  whom  (I  may  almost  thank 
God .«)  have  been  removed  fi-om  this  world  of  mourn- 
ing. The  expense  of,  Uving^enormous,  especially 
to  us,  who  have  all  our  economy  to  learp;  and  no 
one,  who  has  not  been  in  a  similar  situatfon,  can 
conceive  the  infinite  petty  impositions  and  exactions 
9f  which  we  luie  the  prey, ,  The  air  of  London,  or 
perhaps  it  is  of  this  coalined  part  of  it,  does  not 
^agree  with Janp.    B|^  ihc  bcarr^hrincoinvenferces— 


1^ 


V 


'as 

ai)jd  priVatioiu,  fio  which  we  muitt  submit,  with  a  ae* 
renity  and  fortittlde,  that  administer  to  me  perpetual 
consolation.  With  such  a^^  example,  whatever  I  may 
feel,  I  should  be  ashai^ed  to  complain:    During  the 
principal  part  of  the  day^  I  am  necessarily  from  hdme* 
We  se^  nor^  company  whatever,  ,ahd  live  in  the  ti*. 
most  privacy  and  retirement*    I  have  w>  boote  but 
there  is  a  libraij  in  the  neighbourhood^  where ^may 
be  furnished  if  I  will.   What^isure  hQumttlkVef 
particularly  the  evening,  I  employ  in  edue^tiafe  my 
children ;  in  which  task^  when  she  is  not  indisposed, 
their  mother  .is  'my  assistantov  ':-.  Im..-::  4.  ■  :iMi^i-Ljy.^^'^ 
As  if  to  reconcile  us  to  our  1^ -by  provin|^  how 
much  worse  it  might  be,  we  haYfrbeen  9lFead|y  vi^ 
ated  with  aJlictions  superadded  tr%^idinary  and 
unavoidable  hardships.  Soon  after  we  were  settled  in  ^ 
this  house,  a  fire  broke  out  one  night  in  an  adjoining 
street,  to  which  I  lan  in  order  to  assist  in  putting  im 
out,  wh^  Jane  and  the  children  mounted  up  into  the 
garret  to  have  a  better  view  of  the  danger.  The  par- 
kjur  and  chamber  being  thus  deserted,  some  of  those 
harfues  wh9  are  always  oa  the  alert  In  this  city  to 
^e^advantage  of  confusion,  found  means  to  strip 
our^  ill.fated  habitation  of  every  article  of  ftimiture. 
Not  a  piece  was  l^ftj  and  we  were  put  to  the  ex- 
pense, which  we  co\ild  btt^  ill  bear,  of  buying  an  «h- 
tire  new  stock  or  mther  I  should  say  another  stock ; 
for,  iar  ieaa^  being  new,  it  wm  procured  at  second' 
hand,  at  as^e  of  the  goods  of  some  compamon  in 
distress,  whicii  were  brought  to  tije  hammer  bff  i^' 
execution.   This  accident  eaused  us  a  great  de^  of 
vcixation  and  Irtkible;  and  we  had  hardly  re|)aftti#ia|i- 


27 

fwmges  by  pledging  my  ui^paid  aalHry  for  payment 
of  Ae  debts  tbus  contracted,  wh^  another  inroad 
WM  as  unexpectedly  made  on  our  peace,  which 
threatened  much  more  serious  consequences    I  waa 
watting  along  the  wharvea  in  a  dresa,  as  if  should 
•eem^  too  indicative  of  nny  poverty,  whea  a  press- 
gwig  adzed  on  me,  and,  m  spite  of  my  resistance, 
-remonstrances  and  entrcatiea,  hurried  kne  on  board  a 
gwiM  shipi  where  I  lay  for  two  days  fin  momenl^ 
expectation  of  being  t^en  before  the  mast  of  a  man 
of  war.-l^  deliverance  was  4>wing  to  the  resolution 
and  conduct  of  dmt  incomparable  woman,  whom  in 

,  aU  my  trials  I  have  found  a  tutelary  angel ;  and  whom 
It  is  Hie  keenest  x>^^f  paags  to  think  I  hwe  rts 
^duced  to  mdigence  and  wretchedness.    She  locked 
,  up  oiH- house,  and  with  herxlaughters  hanging  on 
•  her  arms,  fiew  to  the  admiialty,  whcrci  having  made 
her  way  through  the  contumelyrof, underlings  and 
the  repulses  of  their  lonis,  she  never  ceased  her  suit 
tiU  an  order  was  granted  for  my  release.    Even' Ais 
had  nearly  come  too  htte ;  for  it  ms  wfth  no  small 
difficulty  I  satisfied  the  officers  of  die  custom-house, 
that  my  absence  was  accidental,  and  not  owing  to* 
some  iiregularity,  which  ought  t»dq)rive  me  of  mv 

But  I  ahaft  tire  you  with iiflkae  sorry  details- 
which,  melancholy  as  tiiey  are,  I  cannot  but  think 
P««8ent  an  existence  preferable  to. the  vagabond  ca^ 
i«cr  you  feilow.  A  few  months  will  inuixj  us  -to 
*^^^**?'  **^  clothe  our  humble  fire-side  with  al^ 
the  iheffiible  charms  of  home,  if  you  wiU  biit  bring 
""  '  rhich 


yfmr  ibcie^ 


..*^^ 


..avV'-;      ■■     "i    y 


,sA-  .>. 


28 


would  afford,  I  foildly .  persuade  myself  ive  could 
forget  the  abunduice  m  w^ich  we  (Xice  flourialied, 
make  a  merit^of '  adveruty,  and  live  on  the  hope  cf 
better  things. i»#tt^i'-?*K'!'f>' v/i"*'  -  «f  •, - ■_  ,.>-,«„  ■  a^  i  _••,■■  j..,-^ visty  . 
'^  'When,  as  is  sometimes  the  case  of,  a  Sunday,  I 
take  a  short  leave  of  that  gloomy  part  of  this  vast 
metropolis  ih  which  we  reside,  and  wander  through 
tho  itiagpificent  squares  and  porks  of  the  west, 
thronged  with  gay  equipages  and  smiling  multitudes, 
my  breast  swells  with  admiration  at  the  unequalled 
prosperity  of  Great  Britain,  whose  inhabitants,  re- 
posing under  the  sUdd  of  the  mistress  of  the  world, 
can.  be  thus  secure}  and  happy,  while  hosts  of  ene- 
m(ies  in  vain  environ  aild  beset  them*  Alt  such  a 
momeertt  I  can  dude  my  selfish  miseiy,  and  almost 
wish  I  had  not  been  bom  an .  Irishman  and  bred  li 
cathdic.  How  different  is  the  scene,  dmt  must  strike 
your  observation  among  the  demi-savages  of  Ame- 
1^;  where  a  weak  and  ignorant,  goven^oent  is 
idly  engaj|(ed  in  framing  laws  for  an  uncivilized  and  ' 
heterogeneous  popubtion.  After  all»  the  Uon  is  the 
ndslest  beast.  Let  France  and  Russia,  with' their 
tributary  potentates,  conspire  against  him,  and  the 
American  eaglet  too  show  lus  impptent  talons ;  the 
lion  shakes  his  imperial  mane  in  dauntless  defiance 
of  them  all.  The  American  federation,  I  suppose, 
tiaimot  maintain  itself  much  longer.  According  to 
the  best  judgment  I  can  form  of  the  prospects  o^ 
that  distracted  clountry,  the  crisis  is  not  veiy  distant, 
when  it  wUl  in^plicnie  <mce  more  the  {protection  of  a 
parent  state,  which  it  has  ever  studied  to  outrage. 
Notwithstanding  all  the  injuries  tfaat  have  been  xa- 


.ii.r 


29 '  ;  ^-        ^ 

cciwd  from  tfaow  despicable  freebooters  hyStm  mag. 
nanhnous  natiai,  I  believe  the  cup  of  rcooncUia^n 
IS  not  yet  exhausted.  But  1^  the^  beware  the  em- 
brace of  France.  After  seeing  so  many  allies  hugged 
to  death  by  that  perfidious,  power,  they  deserve  dietf 
doom  if  they  accept  the  kiss  of  corruption*  ^ 
iv  Good  night  ItJ?  now  po^  twelve  o'clock,  and  \ 
have  been  kept  from  my  bed  to  so  unusual  an  hour 
by  the  gratification  I  feel  in  ^wuring  forth  my  fed- 
ings  to  you.  If  you  wiU  not  come  and  live  with  us 
in  E;>gb«rf^  f  ram  «fi*id.  w«  ^m^ 
you  m,  Awenc».,«^4:  ^,^,^^..f,^.^,:i  ,,^^^ 


v<'     •-.  ^s- 


A''  »i^ 


«iS 


■;i;K5wi..i^.  •!  vy^-.  i,..;^^»,v 


■:iM^:-- 


'•».»* 


>,-., 


"i    i-^£ifif\,.   73^; 


,'yi"' 


riir 


',ir.'^^':^f^^-^i:^ 


^,^Mm.^^'^ 


■x 


.^^- 


\\ 


!      '«..• 


i; 


!(', 


% 


W^A 


.^• 


C> 


yJ' 


s'  < 

I 


m 


<t!1> 


i;'.3U? 


'  V 


,Jfe 


r^  . 


•*-.-,     ::-!:M-% 


•:*f^-''_^ 


) 

4^         W 


•  »*; 


I    .54c/-v> 


%f?f 


,.(*-»■•■  ;f.'*-'*'^    li- 


•-■mCi-. 


v'tf-xfte'^r'f 


■f  ^'l 


Dated  St  WaalMngton. 


'■<1  "yfi't:;'; 


■■^  .-' 


^aWBJLLE  I  was  at  Balthnoie,  the  accidental  cir- 
cumstance c^  our  living  in  the  same' hotel  made  me 
acquainted  witb>«:^ung  Greek  merchant,  who  has 
since  become  my  companion  here,  where  wse  share 
an  uncomfortable  chamber  tc^ther.    As  he  is  to  be 
your  correspondent,  on  this  occasion,  and  peihaps 
oftener,  it  b  proper  you  should  be  general^  inform- 
ed that  he  is  a  native  of  Athens,  who  received  a  mer- 
cantile education  in  the  English  &ctory  at  Smyrna^ 
Having  finished  his  apprenticeship  last  year,  in  a^^ 
spirit  of  enterprise  not  usual  in  a  modem  Greek,  he 
resolved  on  accompanying  a  commercial  adventure 
to  lliiil  country ;  where  he  arrived  a  ^w  weeks  since 
an  investment,  which  good  luck  has  doubled 
His  amiable  (tisposition,  «id  the  ideas 
naturally  excited  by  the  presence  of  mi  Athenian, 
togietiier  with  such  scfmty  kitdligence  as  is  to  be  ^ 
gleaned  ftmn  his  conversation,  respecting  his  coun- 
try.  and  language,  botii  so  iddatrously  venerable  in 
my  eyes,  have  attached  me  to  lus  society.  •  In  con-  *i* 
Mderation  of  the  friendly  relations  existing  between 


us,  he  sometimes  reads  to  me  his  letters  to  a  fellow 


31 

W«««<»  «  Sm^i ,  a,d  to-day  gnnted  nfy  wq«st 

I^r**^-!^'  ""^''^^  ^  are,  in 
iWian   m  whpjfi  .hfr^jnmuaicates  his  ideas  of  this 
federal  donain,  or  city,,te  it  i.  <alled.  pnfiicr  dig. 
'xt'tm,  I  suppose,  together  with  k  i»,„ti*e  of  the 
nm^»i  that  lately  befel  him  m  the  W  «iburt»  of 
Washfflgton.    As  you  will  ha>e  revived  beforethis 
fte  letter*  containii,g  my  view,  „f  ^  singular  capi- 
tal,  I  shall  present  my  fellow  travelleii's  without  com- 
ment r  olwemng  only,  that  I  haveino  other  ffmon 
for  behe»^  his  narrative  to  be  fibftlous,  (as  it  i.  all 

«>y  l»»ble,)  than  that  with  the  6ncy  and  vivacity 
rf  ap  ancient  Greek,  and  all  a  traveller's  prejudices 

hedoesnotuniteaTuA's  deliberation,  biti^with: 
stodmg  .total  ig^„„  ^  ^^j^^  ^  .^^^ 

ot  every  thmg,  except  half  a  doaadiftrent  Ian. 

Euages  t^  seem  to  be  equally  Buirifiar  to  him,  he 
^^  «»rehe.  straight  forward  on  his  conch.. 

«^^  ordmaiy  p«^  of  ge«i,g  to  them  by 
a  course  of  reasoning.  The.tnith  is,  that  the  foun 
dmons  of  dHB  federal  city  have  «.  Ln  mZ^ 
P^^sausp^es;  »di,UtheonIypar,of  theUni. 
^tates  of  y^erica  I  have  ever  seen  on  the  decline. 
WrtJ*:  ""e^  unwieldy  scale,  in  a  district 
»«™pKa  by  Avcholders,  without  the  habits  of  in- 
du^  or  th.  a^ng  of  commeree,  instead  of  rising 

„ 't"^/ r""'^>'»'A?»'yW«ri.,theenor:  • 
m««j^mts  fcU  «und„ before  they  c«,  be weul^ 

«<«e«heri  and  the  symptom,  of  premature  dihpid,. 


^  I  ms  letter  must  have  ini.riin4.^  «« ».  '  '      ^ 

ioe«  not  api,ear.....P         ""'*'"«*»  ^'  ^een  suppressed,  as 


U  does  not  <ippear.....E 


t)^3»ii^|u,: 


.r^ 


32 


tion  9i^pear  when  the  implements  of  constraction 
are  hot  yet  taken  away.  A  few  scattered  hamlets, 
many  miles  remote  from  each  other,  compose  all  that 
has  arisen  of  the  promised  metropolis;  while  as 
many  vast  half-finished  piles  of  building,  at  great 
distances  apart,  from  commanding  eminences,  fit>wn 
desolate  and  despairing  on  the  dreary  wastes  that  se- 
parate  and  environ  them.  Till  lately  the  ci^  was 
thickly  wooded,  and  the  American  Numa  might  woo 
his  Egeria  in  a  hundred  groves.  But  much  of  this 
mnament  has*  been  cut  down  for  fuel,  leaving,  how- 
ever, oiough  for  footing  grounds  to  amuse  those 
sKldicted  to  sports  C  of  the  field.  Not  more  than 
7,000  souls  are  computed  as  the  population,  spread 
over  an  immense  aroi.  Of  these  probably  (me  half 
are  blacks ;  aiul  most  of  the  remainder  members  of 
congress,  clerks,  servants,  innkeepers,  or  in  some 
way  appurtenant  to  the  govemmmt,  prepared  to  fol- 
low its  fortunes^  if  neoessary,  to  the  banks  of  the 
Missouri^  or  the  coast  c^  California.    '    • 


>r». 


« 


*  Several  lines  are  erased  herew...E. 


■  .'"■   *   \f^'  •■'■14  fK-^'  '.  'i  -  .:■  . 

--    .;'ij    -f.^-  :«'-\  :■■■    ^^ 

*    V 

,i    I  -    .  ■■■ 


AlMif^ 


i-f    f  *  4 


■■^1- i      -if* 


"**.itrH.*i  y^^t 


».|?^'?*^  9f  Coliw^,  sute  of  Maiyland,  one 
JiT  the  Umted  States  in  NortH  Ai^ric^  ^ 

^        „,--- aiaetttw»4tt»bjectiiew  to  nwa,  i^ 
vipoa  which,  tberefore*  my  reilcctiow  ^^^^^ 
conclusive:  though  Imust  «y,iheiiiore  I  »ee^.4i„ft 
think,  Ae  folkr  is  inyc^yk:^oa»tha^^^^^ 
rncnt,  «aHed  republican,  b  w^^^  i^0^ 

vemments ought  to  be;  w«l  »»l8«i|ii. fct^^ip^ 
n^ed^  the-  people,  iMP0tt««fe8eiviiw|.^^ 
contradictory  in^ps^HmmTmldMmm^mAim 
iindCT  which  hap|»y  and  gloriouft  em^-m^mm^ 
mcstunable  godd.  fortune  to  Hve,  iaceitiJ^«iu«* 
more  simple  and  popiifar.    Ourgwgicheris,  themi^ 
ht»,:a9  th«^^%a&d  ^hm'mmm bo%  of  th»  « 
people,  imiiieiiilit^  i^^^ 

chooge,  declare,  and  instil  a  iiii|4p#^^  at 
the  chief  ihagistmiiii^icd  in  tiiia  eountiy ;  who, 
as  he  thus  proceeds  directly  from  the  people,  is  61^ 

Kmoved,  to  make^SSSE&rohjecfcol  ii«k 


±i' 


%  be  abwrd  to  talk 


f 


:^:.-   t  . 


\ 


.34  .V 

•         .  ' 

m  fiicti^the  repi«8entative,  improperly  so  ftykd,  b 
ichosen  not  by  the  people,  but  by  a  sniaU  number  of 
el^ctor^,  who.  ai9v^t]»eii||$elves  yariopsly  i^poii\tc4> 
l^y-of,  them  i)ot  by  ^  peopte,  but  by  oUierelec^ 
|pl%  who  again  do  -m^  ia  all  iostances,  «roaiiat».di- 
rectly  from  the  <;;^ppiunilyatlai|^,  ;pd  wlpo^  for  the 

c«t  tMpvsel^ctioo^'^  ^|)^P^^  un- 

^pubted^  Jlie  lineal  desceplant,  and  most  precious 
vi^^^^the  mcm^  Gimm  ifyj^bli^vi^liiiein  the 

^^4)i«^igs(l!^^i^t  ol-lu^  cgrst^ 

l#boii&«$liii9g?,wSiK^  «f  IM^  ^  lioir^op^MKH 
w^ch, ,  a»  %-^  cqiwidiNMr  eoNged  upoi%  i^  wf 
liil^.^jwyi  iBptjwfuaie^  at  fiillhere^ jbut  si^Moiji;^  your 

ii^«S|f|p|^^  and  twly 

■^MnerirB»,fa(|ip|i<im^  havi^  ;bej6iljb&  iaei<  whic|i  %. 

llqr«^iiik4Mi|itagAieir^4o  wM^ohx^y  disasters  in  this 

iihoBfiitabl^  «i^|Mif  lii^  cofifined  iJil#  «t*li?it  -r«J?t . 
^4lli*<lr  f^i(liiM||g?»oa^  tny  amyal-hecc,  I  ^  not 
%«w  I^was  in  Oif!  1%^  MMuii^^ 
^llplgKsa,  ii*i<^ kmMlmi^'mm-lmf^vw,  asccr- 
i)pgmiif(ir#idoiibt|^^  I  taken  no 

than  that  of  my  Hfflljilf^iiijsht  sUU 
b*  JncredulonmiiiPiis  ledeial  ^y  ia 'il  gr^  dim^- 

)But«i<i|is  the 

head  of  tlMriNlddiMMNHNM  any 

^ei 


■  '^^■'- 


35 

l^f^«^^^^°f  built  compact  or  fa 
««6et^  bttt^«i  an  imag^  of  the  iWoial  dominian, 
lie*  sottttM  om*#wiWemew,  yet  fe  a  gnat  mea! 
sui«  iiiiitclaimisd  Ifom  a  ,h«»H^.  ,^^  The 
iw^and  pleasure  groundi,  atlirfiW  to'^  mari. 
a««iSr  %f  the  principal  offliiiNt^'  goverament,  are 

ao»ext««sifti*thatAoi^fci*Mw4KL..  «-«   -a. 
4-s^    »*     "T  ™w»?^*wt«  *D«*ti  vwy  Indus; 

«o««n  t^ft^iic**^t#l«a!^t6iKe  tttt^^t^ 

tfitt^«>ttlai|feta«i«i.|^^^^ 

BTwhich  tt^  hutidi*d  6^»^|r«8^men,  as  they  4re  ca«. 
<s^  are  coirfln«it|i»^iiaM!dk^^^^^ 

liH^^mm^m^mmm^i  iHiat  l^reHglon  l^  t 
hjw5  ti^fi^dfecoverfe^    Whatever  I  learn  he^ 

baite,  #h6  taiii^  me  of  a  morning,  comes^eii 
horartJa<*i^  hisrrazora^^tad^^  I%sidan,  whcml 
I  sent  tor  in  haste  to  examiae  ^if  #6mi^,  Urt^im 

*:l«iWlll^llllillftk^^ 

ache  anew ;  and  my  hem  ^nks  lit  the  recollection  OH 

i^miracMteus escapfei.  As  Ae  woiy  of  i|iy  ^dve^i 

Iproceed  tola^  Acm  before  you,  Aatyc 


'*4i 


■t:r~;  -' 


It 


36 


cide  whether,  ass  yoii  proihiBCii,  yoa.  will  i^^hvve 
the  courage  to  ic^ow  me  to  the  ilewwividk  ;  f  \ 

><<Of  a  fine  morning,  du^dajTSSigo,  J  «|^-i^^^ 
fovTftiamble  before  break&st,  thiidplngi  |)erfaiqpsf  to 
see^'somothing  worthy  of  observflid<Hi;  and  as  adven- 
tures were  my  db>pGt,  I  left  the  highway,  or  avenue, 
asit  18  cfdkd^  and  Btruck.  into  the  moor,  that  com- 
poaea'a-jgreat  pert  of  ffaelciQr^  I  had  not  walked  a 
ii^«9' when  ]t  heai^  a  4i>n  ,go  off)  aiKl  saiv  ^  smpke 

«  riaiug.atrftrli|tle distance.  Nolctfing  tO;eiicouiitei^ 
ii«^itm^v%  ;8(»^^wild  h  p^:]^  was  turning  back, 
wh«i#sav^ia  dog  hunting  ?i(t^  the  bushes, 

4iid  ^se  i^ier  lUii^?  fi^  young  mwi)  who  came  run- 
ning toward  me^.»9<A  tor^|diundpr,  as  ^i!^  for  afi  ii|stant 
apprehended^  botjuerely  to  inquire  if  ;1  had  seen  a 
^oieystof  quails  fiymg  ^t  wi^.  .Hehadi  a  ppwaier. 
h^  anfl  shot-bag  over  lus  slmulders,  a  jy[q^or-fls^ 
hanging  on  one  side,  and  &  pouch  full  of^^ead  quails 

'^m  the  othei'ii<wfs>>^tt^ther  ratherv coiffsejly  capari- 
dbned,  and  seemed  tp  be^i^teii^'qiiMgaiip^,  i  Jitst 
after  lief^^Mo^ted  me«^  lAiOi^,  is^^ 
kced  hat,^  but  imarmed,  came  ridiii^^vfp^t^^  pirfar 

r4lie  heathy  leadi^  a  horse  teai^w^M$Am4i  Nillc^ 
^  drawing  up  close  to|  yflm^  ip'  stood,, pilMoifr 

rhis  hAt,'<nl^>st^tQ^th?  taiter,  IVSir,  tber^  ar^ Jt^-. 

^pofedbes ijuil  furived.''  "  When  ?"  cried^g|ytiipt^r, 

#  WitWn  thi%i4llil^lK>ur— by  express-rtwp  set9|f 

hoBM^esMldaJlAuibdBff  HBUBJ 


^^^     "V?        ' 

•h  *  TV*  iirrH<||ip|||g||ipi|inn)  from  a'dlultereated  quartfr. 
^«  point  that  hai^f^  &o  uitfortunately  contested  between 

6.1Brinust  place  the  ^ct  fe«ycmd  4^  fihlb^^ 


j> 


m^r^^:^mi^-^0i0i^  ^,,,l^,|^^4^  I 


■fr 


JO'i 


Asu '  ,.  iff- 


^• 


^jjjy»  hmner  ha8% ;  and  dJsencumbCTinyhim- 
sca^Jtomhiao  shooting  accoutremojla^  he  vaulted  into 
Ae  aaddle  of  ^  led  horse,  and  gidloped  out  of  sight 
«i  aminulp*  AH  amazed  at  this  n^ystejrious  meeting, 
****»9V^Vsaid|ifesiiectft%  to^theo^  as  he 
w  galiiering  up  the  things  the  hun^ 

,  edUw^officeri  #kh  an  wr^4ign%.    -But  who  is 

the  cnvoyr?"  «pUedI,  ««  What  4aan  envoy  ?  That's 

wt^the^prtsideo^  is  iN!?^ia'h«;  preside,"  ^toM 

f^^^f^^mi^i^mcm^M  an 

oAei  giiewsott  of  a  persoiir-t^^^^         envoy  ex 

fa«»*i»iy*^  "Mutmkp  is  he  i^tmoidinaiy  ?»  said 

^^^^«%  because,'^  aaidJie.    «  J^use  why  ?»  said 

*^^1»^  because  he  44  thft  BrHisb  ambassador, 

iHf  ^tnasliBrr  and  the  king  his  masteR'«,  servant,  and  I 

Sri;Aift /.servant^  and.  neither  he  ni^ 
J^iftcadent^  ^  the  matter  o^l8t.",  said  the 
officer,  imd  mQuntuig  Im  beast*  iie ,  trotted  away 
.whisdiag  after  the  other,  >     »      «,  .^» ..  .      • 

^*«^An^^^  possible,  thought  I,  Aat  that  young  Inw^ 
i*«heBii|iahiamba^sadpr,  the  representative  of  the 
*«w«rm«K*aiitnw»nairch,,  whose  fl^  the  Dar- 

l»«Wth*this^?iSoit<^  men**  #M^^  i  a^ii^ 
^»^(!ael^  ;ttroUing  aioi^.MMii.d^  direction  fcom 
•^••iilfoUowed  at«il% >4wd  npt  paying  much  «i^ 
^j^^^wJ*^  I  went,  tai  I  came  tqa  thicket/ 
taea\  Irom  -my  r^rcm  by  jbe  loort 


pursued  %  a  coup] 


M^H  «?IX.,^,^JTO8 


'  -'^t 


W  >  V.''  " 


t| 


^'  •>■.■ 


\  ■  . 
\ 


■'VWH^^'^^      "      ^l        f^ 


St 


always  fimd  of  die  chaae,  yoql^blinvv^  ami  oaed  ofteii 
taiamuse  myself  in  ^us  wajr  oift  (fie  hills  pew  Ismiz^ 
I  joined  instinctivdiy  in  the  {mrstnlv  shouted  to  eai 
courage  (he  dog%i  and  made  ^  hest  exertwosJ 
iHrald  to]^l»;iip  with  tibenasM^^he  rabbit  ;doiit)li6dy 
and  made  back  ''^Mti&^^mwti^J^st  •s^'^i^^^ 
escaping  into  iSat  thicke(^«  jtixoih#  liilit^fi^aa^  by 
my  head/  and  dorim  drpppied  puss  ^  dead  «t>^^n>y  feeti 
Castihg  aiwund^fer^the  p^-son  i^m  whom  H't^aiiMlt 
I  presently  descried  a  gehdemati  under  n  large  trse^ 
leaning  on  his  fowling-piece,vand«ci|l&ig  to^  dogi 
to  come  in.  As  I  approached  him»  heaccoaited  mo 
in  Frenchy  telling  met  that  I  nm  wmy  vfeSi^m^i^dodi 
I  answered^  also  in  Frencfc^  4hat  he  dfql^^ 
Being  thus  mutiKkUy  introduced  i^  a  sU^  6ompH 
ment,  w^  entered  into  conversation  about^tbe^^dt^^ 

,  the  rabbits,  the  grbundi  the  weatfaer*  and  a  i%i^)f^> 
of  such  indifferent  subfe^s,  which  kistedi  lnv^^pose^ 
for  half  an  hour,  when  a  oaiins^dnxm  vKpi&x  a  n»d 
a  few  paces  distant,  into  whidi  ^fxett^bsmn  |^ 
widi  his  dogs  and  ^it^  rabbit,  lAod  ^r^e  aw^i^  1^ 
By  this  timelbegsn'to  d^nk  o^^my  bre<dtiy^  an# 
of  ietuMng.    Bm^'^^i^toiimSiiiem^ 
percei^ed^doitlhadlokt  all^  tf«oe  ^  the  n)iite#»^4jii^ 
mussulman  knows  he  isitfe  till  his  hoar  coiag||^ 
but  U|^<^may  be  situations  in  which  it  k 
feel  -uneasy.    There  was  no  tit 
ptfioe^^#htii^-l  did  not  know 
I  met  might  ll#%^  carnivorous  iilliMipiPBtmiuisr 

'  hSiii4c,  ildin|^''p6!rt''on  amamtivistflW 
cor^^"«(Hihe  hMiiitdsriiusmI  < 


irtg^j-rtook  a  fi^^  departure,  wallungon  ita^  m0^ 


$9 


f^;^    After  w,««deri.^a«^^^ 

"^  '  ^?^g^'""^^«»^'lM^  what  is  called  a 

"^^^^^^ipii^*  wretched  log  faouse,  tfaatch 
^^^^^  nor  chimney' 

^iS^*'*  '^  *^  "^  with 

t  liikiOT  yry  *^^'^^^'''^'  through  which 
,^J^?y^yPP^'4nMny.  pjacey.  ,.  I  asked  the 

^  ^S^I^^y^^'^^N^^^g -°Qj^'»wer  beyond 

^?!!!?:!I!y^y'^!ywi^^  old  wt>- 

W^V^^^^'^^^^mmtm^'.md  hominv,* 
Ig^^^dian  -.^ll|i^iJ^«»^  locating  my 

.«.-*«  'o  Ae  door,  and 

»the^verse  of 

more.  :l.ss;4 


-.«i. 


»^^ 


caps, 


\- 


/ 


4/(i 


>< 


'A  ■' 


cle,  and  pirtook  of  a  luncheon  of  the  cake,  wi^  some 
homing.  '  fe^was  how  almost  noooff  and.th^  poor. 
people  were  takingp:  »their  dinner.    As  I'ply^  theiik. 
with  a  great  many  qu^(Mis,  jH^Mch  they  am^^ii^red  ai.' 
well  as  they  could, '  hi  thepi^  turn  tfi^<put/scme-ti^> 
me,  and  among  otlpirs  one  that  led  to  an  iknport»it 
disclosure.  '*'  i'  gueas  massa  belong  to^  ^be  Irencj^ 
bassadw,"  said  ihe  y^iing  woman,  show^g 
teeth.   "What's  di«fef»*  answered  fci^^/ Him 
dtoots  rabbdts  ;**  and  htaa  a  fittle  more  jpfoppaticMI^ 
on  this  sal^ect,  interlarded  between  aidiiirf^Q^^ 
hominy,  I  was  giveii  liil^'^to  understaDjd^  4hi^  ^^'^^ 
hiuiter,  whom  I  last  me%  who  w^it^way  jhiacaiTiiig|[ 
freighted  with  rablNta,  was  iio  other  Uta^  the  plj»ru|^ 
of  another^^gh^  monarch,  who  Mttfiaes  hims^tl^ 
by  field-sports  4n  the  heart  of  the  American  capital* . 
Notlofig  ought  to mrpriae  in  &is  country,^  or  chi^ 
ipc^ht  be  permitted^  to  w<nider  at  mee^^^  two  such^j, 
personages  scouring  the  forest  for--" ii|iri|iitiHlLi^y- itejif;^' 
I  am  surfeited  with  amazement  ;:'ati4^ti|^^ 
receiving  vesty  particular  insmicdons  frcjim  my  Uaei% 
hosts  how  to  (woceed  in  order  to^i^ld  thf  shortest  c^ 
home,  I  gave  ;li|Bift^.4ppcniqf|||^        species  of 
American  coini^)  18x4  aetfetil^^  opce  more,  deteft»; 
mined  never  agaiii,  whatever  odd^^l^Aii^ 
to  try  so  early  an  excursion  in  %  iedeiiu^)^ll^^ 

I  was  to  go  through  a  copse  that  lay  (tti  ^y  ^gli^ 
being  several  raB^  finrn  aly  destination^ 
clearing  tDiiiip^ftD  follow  aigjpl^pathl  i^Un^i^^ 
Into  the  woo^hiateaed;  butt  i||||pot  gone  a  hfttil 
dred  yardSi^ighBiii^pi^ 
^on  cl^ii^vF^'^ 


# 


•*^'i 


TAr,t 


i.V 


iHi 


^^^^''****  **  **♦  bur  ii«ch  iws  «ooii 
^T^.f  *  ^^''^^  <gq>lanBtk»,  There 

m^mi»eBt  alittleibtenqefciMfii^  pig. 


^jbd'had  fainted 


It        '>•      l|Sil-»       « 


'.';j.i*r 


>># 


42 


bibod  In  i  ahort  time  tte  wounded  nfviv)^  fh»n 
hu  swtKsn,  and  was  soppotted  in  the  lap  'of  drfe^ 
^dK  '^istants.  .^is  aiitagmust  i»w  dniwftig  higfa^ 
,  ^boek  hands  with  pm  with  e(liat  emotion,  hu<xi6t 
ofil;  ipd  di8appc|w  The  wdiH^^ 
hM  tjji-a  «ifcAlrti%d  el^  li^r  the  other 


i;^. 


widf*  my  h»;lp^  to  a  chaie 


#, 


n^artheplaQe  of  iKCid^  into  wluch  ho  \in» 

ghasdhiess  df^deadi  on  his 

whole  pUfty  stewly  dro^««|^P^^i*^ 


Was(wiM| 


b- 


Itei-^ 


trivial  petBonal  ^sp^|tl«tiMi|^^  some . 

«i  Attoerica,  Of  ^wht^,  iaii  I^nrtold^  |hilt^  have  "b^ 
aeveml^  fails  mofll  of  •:thi«iiiitt<||^^  '  In  ^is 

^^^Wjr'ftdings  iwere  hartt«iife a  raost^ 
gitsAl-fthisi-eiicontferltod  as  aooii  a^^^ 
iiil^Mi»^s|ght,Im 

liW^iliBN^ii*^^  of  beftring.  ti%Mibl 

^      imjqjes  hiiunted  iif  incy^  and  hmatdM'-^r^' 

g   b^^  that  raiaBi.^lii  was  mjpvilli^,  holiK^er,  <m 

flitiiliiiBl' dig^'^  have  <ity  gfo6kny  s^iB|iiii^ 

^BipiiMJbym^^jcctacteofavcryd^feietttlgindr    ^ 

I  left'^^ie  woo4  m  ^IMPp^lfais  mdaoehol^ 

Iked  somis  tvl>^  1^^  milsii 

lltaRe  ihlgie  puilieus  of  the  ^eral  city,  fSi^ 


habitation  or  ht^iaii  creature,  when,  JNlll 


§>   the  t(ip%f  a  hilt  I  was  jmsing,  my  attention  mia^ 
^tracted,  mA  Wmaa  mduced  to  abandon  die  Toa£$ 


#.■ 


"5^ 


torinen, 


^Ji*i,t-4 


4 


4     ^ 


-; 


«™i  e«*^  which  I  <^aumLfi,ifmnin  a 
*imcomm«ay  d«k.  .od  wiping  to i^^  *„  j, 

««r  «nd  »P«utawi.  .Afier  aU  fhrf  seen  »  tad, 
^«d«ed  i,  no  ™«  ^  p„dent  to  w™^ 

»«^  .acer^  what  to,  a,e  pmpose  of  ,  tattH. 
^^din,,«ere  fa«i«g  fo«h.    Mflo^^ 

raution,  md  proippted  me,  «t «  ev^^jom.Z 

W  Wiexe  ft^excd.  dW***  tt  a  law  oni 
*^??'*^  (^lltflSoera  of  Slate  down  tefliAt^ 

fe2  ir^  If^  "***^  "^"^ 

«i»8  «P0M  on  tlTZuSS^^*^ 


^''^ 


%     ' 


^  4^-^.'»r^:5^^;* 


if 


t  ' 
« 


T.-^..-0     ^ 


*  r':''"'^ 


^' 


i 


^'WiSk, 


ii 


'f*-* 


£v.aa3iiff|g^ 


■-t>?fc: » 


^1  i^  a  cxiBiMtl  Tiiliil  t»f  iiobteiamtwrnt  j^ 
,jrl^i^%^  healing  liidr  crcBtv  i#f^  aodc  fo^^ 

^"^ ;  m^nble  skekumft  atM^lliByely  up  to  &e  gioi^i 
tat  in  tibb  |)mrerae|  |!p|i)%^  k  stibms,  iStigys  foSu&f 
iasUlid  tif  {lampeii^  ibdir  datfie  ibrw  irace,  said  &r 
j^v  and  twenty  hclu^  b&foi^^ 
tlang  to  eat*    !ni|E;  ddett  i^^ 
J  <i^)if]used  dodics,  ;i»i||(iu<||!iiii|l|^  ^  ittiing.  ^ 

.r>  iT*^-''   ^^t':    xV^'-.' ■"■  -■  «-^Prrv-Vr.,'^i\.',>''    ' '■. "  ■       #  ■■ 

■W''   •  c-a        *      'M-,  1  ■         ^  .^  T . .-,•-3  .-'.t^iiJ:'#.J.>.A.it ..-.  ■:*-■"  '  j^   ■       ■>  '    ■  ■    - 

'  f|(liieir:baDd%  :ta;(tfi||iif|il|f|M^  llief^rcide; 

]|i|theBe:iBttoh  iju&itcie^^  . 

jiiDii  was  inade>    *  ---^    -.  .<        --  ^  -.  r 

|IIUa^  |)Qit^%  from  tiiC' 

.^;|ii9Cflfe -goaded  on  Ibr  imeJMiiieiiiMiilil^^       ^ 
.  !fiham,  ovetcome  fay- 


I  #  -^'' 


.•<Mi 


."»f- 


■.^ 


^«^«^IP^P^ 


i'-:^        t 


m, 


^fpgisitf  fon  1^  eieiifs  fipQ^^  day's  jd^asteiv  — «. 
mc.  <>Ci^(^  huimanes,  to  ^ch  '^j&iihi^^ 
^^^  be^  to  blow  like  an  Arabim  i^ri^^ 

#olei>fced  "nai^ra  giife|t^b|it,iite^^ 

^   .      to  tlit  Waat  Tie<3oi*maii, 

Wtii  all  iii»«iiiighl^.^t  in  vaii^-^  tem- 

BW»  was  ireeaistibje ;  Imd  we  were  blown,  tasm 

hack  and  all,  off  the  road,  into  a  deep  ditdi  atliB 

aide,  where  1%  till  4e  hones  were  cut  ]oos#  frop 

the  harness,  ai^  the  door  kiosened  %M%^i«|#ig 

as  die  only  means  of  my.,«tricatioa^"Ji^^'^^^^ 

|i^  I  «»^ife»n|*riPecovered  tpli^  itiysa^ 

^^^*^*^J?*^  —  ^^^  negro  M  ci^^ipA 

,. ,  m^^f^mmmgS^        hakMmt  '  '"' 

or  the  whcds^  diat  was  tying  i|^^ 
'  «tt  |ht;|[round,  s^         skiiaij^^lrith  one  #i 
«Md  11^  b«|plt.  aiangfed,  dotocated,  ahd  nsoift 
dead  than  alite.    It  began  to  be  ddrk.    At  toy  tim6 
^  fliKJM^t^iltto^^^       to  find  my  Way  in  thb 
toert ;  but  bewild^  as  my  senses  wctt5»  I  got  tip 
glfii>vcdbii,  as  well  as  my  lameness,  blitidiieas  and 
'■^i^l|'*w»  ^^froiM  permit,  not  knowing  i^ithl^      "^-^ 
^ined  on  me  qwce,  with  aU  those  i^pi^S^^^ 
^ich  die  stoutest  heart  might  own  Ml  an  Amc- 

A'fiMH5ien#-miiiM[^i»i»  iiiliwii<|ilttMy  i-if  f»»i^^ 


^■j* 


i^:.^J^;fS|^ 


"^  k 


*e  wwHijI  iljf  wolves,  and  die  hissing  oT  ratOe^ 


...* 


t  ~, 


I.  '^Mj  .  <   t.4; 


,         \ 


-  i  - 


1 


\  .^.^ 


■^     ^#r; 


--.J^ 


Tliemcl 


;mtl^ duslt.  ffidberedaboutwyhe^aiyK 
rflitted  round^n^ilfc^  and  a  ie^l^^T  mo*. 
^«^  *  *°".9|*V«Ma,  ii^se  bite  no  mpiii^ 
|Siire,  fastened  on  my  ^,  hands  and  legi,  vm 
'^  were,  and  unprotected  from :  thwr  vfiHib 
wand^g  to%e  of  anxbiis  mlmiies,  grui^ 
^'wifh^^ny  Ikrtsi  1^^        «^  w^.i     ' 
at  <fae  stninge  objecta  that  perpetii^yiy , 
t .    ^Jp^^^***?*  of  tefror  bc^  my  remainil^ 
2|>^^tt  siidden  I  wa&  r^^fod  from  a  moin^||i^ 
^?»Wbcs8  of  aU^other  Jfe&^     shout  bursting 
ft*th  just  beside  me,  asjtf^a  whole  tribe  at  ]Mbhawil# 
were  puttihg  up  their  Wioop  of  destrBlflQn.;   W 
ted  to  the  spot,  1  never  dibuld  have  vcntiired  to  kwlt 
it.  had  I  not  gradually  discovcred?that  the^^Miif 
n^  immediate   akim  was.  an.  imiocent^^^ 
tttOWfiin^  elbse  by,;  whose  braying  I  had  i^sta^tenJ^ 
"^^dian  war  whoop.    RUivipgto  somethin|^h|||^^ 
iny  form»  level  of  <Jej^^ 
f^ethis  bcMt  ^  instrument  of  my  i^soK^]^ 
U  he  iad  a  bridle  on,  thougl^  naiad-iiic  or  pan/ 
1^  I  plambered  <»i  t0  hjs  bare  back,  anijijeijUng^^ 
him  into  a  jog,  clmunrttcd  my  fete  to  liis  superwf  ^ 
knpH^edgp  0f  the  city,  suflfering  him  to^  caoy^jpi^ 
l»hich  way  he  chose,  and  transported  at  even  tli%' 
flange  ip-  my  forlprn  circumstances.    The  bfranches 
ft^^vnae  in  the  &ce ;  the  bri^  and  brushwoo^^ 
4ml|(|ih]^  lacerated  legs;  butpqvcrth^css  Iplod*! 

dW^n  ipth  nqiy  ^,  tiiusting  to  his  instinct  for  be 
b«^^  to  apnie  human  hij^^ife.    ^^  had  nol^;^ 


Sy  If ,  k  J . 


«1 


\.i 


1 — i 


t  t  ' 


'xtm- 


•V^T*; 


fh^nifl 


»wa|Feai  ligk,  towai^s  which  my  ass -ecu 
■W  steps.     Imagine  my  horrdr,  as  I  approi 
■m  B^g  the  most  piercing  shrieks  and  yells, 
ceeding  from  a  multitude  of  voices,  i^le  r 
^te^  With  ^  my  mi^t  I  <Bnd^voi^  to  <i^ 
«|g*  or  make  him  chaiigc^  his  directioii,  bUt 
^  pu^se ;  he  redoubled  his  speed,  pim^--  — 
p^re,  which  now  blaacd  fun  In  vie#  exMB 
mnm  dreadfol  s^ctacte  thai  cb  ukm. 

^r  JB^  ^  h«v^l>ecii  carried  imo 

^  **  5W^^^«  dancing  amund 

i?°*''f"**l^'«e«  with  my  ass   i^ 
1»t>wtf  mj^^fii^l^^t^  ga«,^ 

c^^.  1^  the>.xp«,se  of^  few  mST 
fenem,ehfiMi  a  Wb,  ithat  Served  toT 

Z^vvr  «™3^  the  awful  scene  oeiQn|! 
^r^ught  i,   quiv^iig  „wre  th»^.« 

^^^?|^^  emckling  dt? 

^^>«^  their  hands,  heating  their  l^T 
tm  uttering  the  must  barbarous  sliouts,  while  a  «/ 
male  %attheir  fee^.jn  convulsions^  jl^^^^^^ 
and  ap|>aremly  in  nidirieniary  expeiiatie«  of 
^d^  devoured.    If  t„y  limbs  had  been 
yww,  I  cotild  not  have  moved  from  the  spot. 
r^  *«mM.  Aar^n^me  me.    ^  in^ 

^^^^^^^^  ^^  *«  ««int,y,  and  s^ 
i^iiUiiHI  Wink  '^"L- iiTTheq- Jiip^  but  In  ^    ' 


ni«»^-*«  1.1-    *      ^T  ^  jMI"»  out  In  «»  iial 


4» 


"JK' 


of  bfei 


-i: 


^^*li■,^r"•*^ 


>',     » 


•* 


'<* 


•? 


P^'' 


[fitdi  ethq;;  in  contortiGnis  of 

itwn.    TBey  wntlie^,  bellowed,  foat 

«t?t|ii  Wouth,  hun^,  ovqr  tlie  wi«ch  on  the  gwjui 

«i|d  exhihi||^  «wer)r  sign,  of  cannibals  greedy  t 

'^  pwy-    Juat.at  the  filial  moment,  when  tliey' 

|d  ncuuuA  the  victim  on  the  groond;  ai^ 

IP  beginitheir  acomaed  m^,  allash  oFi 

'  Ig  eclipsed  dieir  in^smal  light,,  foflowc 

of  thunder  that  broke  over  their  headsf 

•n  looking  up^  whicii  I  had  not  llefore  venture 

-■^J  ptrceivtd  a.  tstoran  6n'  the  poink  of  bi^i 

1  .Hieiwr  were  the  first  streaks  of  a  clear  s|y  _ 

im  to  the  shipijnft^ed  marinipr,  ^vaaM^iM' 

.^^^^U^jtorm  to  me,^  wlubh  soon  ts^mp  dowh; 

^MlMf  MifBin,  with  cootmued  stream^af  lij^ 

li^|«wl9J9f  thunder ;  for  it  bitike  up  the  pandsvi^ 

"*^     «nd  ansrtx^  me  from  ^mostdifeadl^ 

iof),  aslhad  Uttib  hope  (rf"  eitcaping  being 

victim.    A9  soon  as  the  ram  inftdrrupted 

^  J»»  .lt»e  blacks  ceased,  though  wltho«rt;  imy  sjd 

Ip^  lHAlr  or  trepi^tmnu    The  woman  qi|  Up 

P<P«d  sprwjg  o^  to  her  feet ;  andi  Oie  wtefle  ^^ 

"■^"^-^  jad^^W  iM)d  mules,  olieiB  oii  horacbr^* 

,,jm^rm^m^  oiiibot*  marc^iea^^^  ol, 

%  of  » I|f|di##;ge,  which  they  all  j<»nedm  8ih( 

\^i:  4^er:the^t  sdunds  died  away  amlfl'lhe  pel 

of'ihe  shower  flind  revo-bemticmt  df  iic  lihi 

rolUii^jMlk  hii  to  ^1  Around  ^  alnphithe^i^  ibMi\ 

^rrouqii^  $he  city,  I  m^  moie  crept  out, 

f^  vm,  blit  iteUgh^ »;  forgBltiiig  m^ 

jpid  h^^as  I  was, 

,|Qiiacul9iNh|ft#i|Mi|^^ 


>:1 


^'  %», 


3 1 


'>441 


rtr>is> 


■  (/ 


1 


•      \ 


.V 


t 


49 


i-' 


vA^4^ty  of  .^VashiDj^ton  ;^k 
opposite  to  fliatlitt  which  %  iaS: 
,  hobbled  along,  till,  to  my  inex- 

pressible W,  I  heard  a  dog  bark.    Presently  a  Uttlc 
l^unincriiMf  light  twinkled  from^  no  great  distancQ^, 
V  w^  I  onfe  9^1  thought  I  mi^t  approach  withQui' 
118k,  and/ in  a  few  minutes  more  I  was  welcomed 
into  a  decent  log  ferm-house,  where  a  family  of  a 
mm  md  three  women  were  seated  roun4  a  toUe,^ 
ea^imish,  anodier  preparation  of  Lidian  corn  •  of" 
whi^  after  having  the  blood  and  dirt  washed  from 
my  fitee,  I  was  pibented  with  a  bowl.    It  lyas  now 

**^/r  ™^'^  I  fbund  I  was  further  from  my 
lo^gmgs  than  f  could  possibly,  wdk  in  my  maimed 
conditimi,  jn  die  dark,  and  without  a  g^ide.    Whctt, 
therefore  Ae  man  and  his  wife  and  dici»thft»  b<qrs, 
went  tobed  m  one  of  the  beds  th^  were  in  the  rbom,^ 
and  the  two  youi^  women  in.  the  other,^  the  house 
consisting  of  but  one  apartment,  I  took  the  liberty  !|o 
,    stretch  my  achmg  limbs  upou  the  flppi^,  where  all  m^  > 
eves  were  forgotten  in  a  sound  sleistt  t^  ^nc^ning; 
But  whqn  1  awcdce,  arid  attemp^  to  get  up,  i^y 
bruises  1)|re  so  stifl^  that  I  coul^M||^  stand, 
much  leto  Walk  a  m^e  and  a  half  m  in^  lodgings. 
la  this  emergency,  infiy  host,  ^o  ^as  goin^  to  6u? 
hold,  with  a  cart  load  of  potatoes,  generously  (gavje 
^a  ride  on  the  top  of  them ;  and  shot  me  down  jt 
Ihe  km  door  iVith  the  rest  of  his  b^^ithen.    For  thnS 
diys  IhtLve  not  been  put  of  my  chaioiber.    Blood-let 
fever,  phywc  and^a«d>e%  a  cql<^rooa^,  a^a 


! 


•  ■■*'; 


^    M 


i  « 


bed,  cpntinually^aU  to  mii;d  the  peril^  )«^j^|wn^blej 


r 


I 


.'f**'-;*®:;:...*;-^- 


\    "    ' '  ^r*.  ^^^•rMf^F-^ 


ikk 


m 


% 


\? 


"fieve  me,  fij^^lftj  for  the  c^^ 

cnvirctas,  the  bqu^iiful  iny  iuid>Iof«^  8e<^<^ 


V     'C     ,,    ..    J  •   .  ;'^  v'4:j  ^v 


J.. 


t  ' 


'.  :2U.^ 


'  r 


^; 


■^'5' 


'         "'        M*      '     ,».      „  V. 


r 


* 

> 

Jr-^ 

^n' 

V      t 

( 

*":» 

, 

^    '^i 

4V  l<^"a''S|^'  Jr*     TTTWm 


'■>  4'    ^     "J<^   ^^3i^ 


f         . 


■;i^^i.^5^^p^,rtjp5,,j*jp^^/„^^^;;.V,;7^  ^"'■tW^»  »•' 


?§: 


I 


•»- 


T  .V!r^-'V' 


tETTER  t: 


■  v   \ 


? 


;«)M  mcfliQttor  TO  poiiUMOiro. 


■^  ^V-tJ 


in/the  c^itbl.    In  the  absence  of  aU  oii»  pfeces  <k 
pii|)«c  resort  and  recreatiori,  the  ^ries  of  Con" 
^^  attended  %  those  ii*d  lii^  no  better  pas^  \ 
time fltenppUtical  debates;  and,  in comm^ wltbihe 
re#,  I  pay,  my  (daily  atten 
tional'bratoiy/"^^'-f  ^:^-  -^^  '■^^^^W^^W^mmm'     -  • 

,  the  apartments,  in  which  the  lepreseiitative?  of  tihH     % 
American  people  hold  their  assemblies,  are  all  under  . - 
^^f9^y»^  generally  fe  of  admission:  perl'  ' 
*fec%^)propria|e:  and  magnificem;  and^^d^ 
temple  ofrepublicanism.  not  unworthy  to  be       ^ 

tost  of  tUc  American  commoDt,  St.  Stqta^.4». 
,jci>  in  particutory  iM^  mogrxonktiuiiiUgg 


y^  M  jrf  tl|c  wa?i«afil#«»  1^^  i^^ 


/ 


'*•' 


^.  , 


.^    .■\-  ..';.. 


■  *■ 


.1 


IK*     /--: 


'\ 


■■f 


BMnsionsi  an  om^Burrounded  by  tWent^.fo^  Cb- 
rifithian  pMWrs,  ^d  sunndunted  by  a  lo%^  pomted 
dome^  through  w^iich  the  light  is  admitted  by  a 
hundred  apertures.  The  gaUerics  and  loWbies,  situ- 
ated  behind  the  pillars^  are  large  and  convenient,  fes- 
tooned with  scarlet  drapery,  that  serves  to  prevent  too 
gre^t  a  resonance  of  the  vofte,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  give  a  compactness  and  finish  to  tbp  apartmeiit. 
Over  the  grand  entrance,  there  are  emUeroatic  bas 
"^^  and*;  on  the  c^pposite  side,  a  statue  of  Kber- 
^«  %e  furniture,  ilecora  and  arrangement,  are 
becoming  and  elq^ant  j;  and  duimg  a  nidit  semmr 

Jhen  ^  to  i* li^edby lamps, the^ofca^ 
fine,  aa^-imp^^. '  -  ""^ '      -  '   '"*      ^  -^^  -"\  ^ 

^•^f^J^^^^b^nberjjs  in  tlie  o^^  wing  ofibc^ 

ii^whicH  is  yet  in  quite  an  }tQfifu^ieii:istili^1s| « 

size'  than  the  hall  of  the  repreienbativ^  with 

a  <l0Ub»  arched  dome,  and  Ionic  pillai^^^lii- 

fciy,  hanging  and  cajpet*,  and  indeed  the^p^ 

diamber  fihislied  in  a  superior  style  of  s|»kiiioiuand 

'  >riniancy,  ^*'r , ,.    ;'    '  ^;*  ;/■' ;.  ^r^^\  fyfT^^^ 

tMer  the  senate  c]|«uS>er  j»  tie  hall  of  ji^ce^ 
«ke  0^1%  <ir  WkA  is  rtflit  imifevitoJy  formed  by 
the  arches  that  support  the  formerlT  TRie  jii^^  in 
Ifccir  robes  <rf  SiC^eiiMi  hl^fjji^  are  raised  on  seats  of 
jpve  mahogany ;  ji^;  bdow  them  is  the  bar,  sur- 
jlHioded  by  a  Doric  colonnade,  somewhat  elevated 
^IliifM^^lillPNi!^^      thitf  an  «rcaio|B,  stpl  higher, 

-^Wfac»/.p||ppdtow^..in,l„i |in||||.-iMifti|  die  'ti^H.' 


^ 


^^if  jtoambiSy  of  itTiQi^Sytis  notbeeii  begoa^ 

6.  ■     ^ 


J 


'             k       1. 

'  - 

' 

i 

•1 

'':f^i 

...:^t% 

1 V*  ■**' 

..L 

i^^'iy^M 

fc:.5«<V-'' 

%' 


V 


*  .  •  * 


,.  ^.-i^ifS 


'"fi  r 


/ 


tJ»ilA5«#i%/^'i%i^^  haa,  i^h;.  ^ 

Its  spaciousness  aftia  foritt,  It  ^wetf  adaptettorirti^a ' 
Pili*"p9ei>s  been  taken  as  the  theatre  for  epclesias- 
tical^iscourscs ;  and  a  sctii^,  which  Want!  iio  addi- 
JP^^rwt  from  its  origi]^,  aiiee  mj  fwidcnCe 
ftete.  has  be<9j  rcMfewdyJiy-Atf  cdte- 

crowded  with  an^  fliicl4corc<»iii8tin^  <^^^ 
tions  ctf- persons,  |it|#>|^»  iwifcdoi^ 


%^ 


^  ^"^seated^mnf  gilSaii^ ;  the  gaO^es,  slalrW^         't 
and  entrtaces  thTongeft'^ytid  every  avenue  surfeited^     ..  4 


^/ 


i;  '•' 


#': 


'H, 


yiff^^mil^xM.  Nil  <^^;  »o  l»titotary  ^ioe 
or  Bolemtuti<i«;'  but  a  b«iid  of  sdWkjrs,  wWi  an  "  tlfe? 
pride^  pomp,  ilmd  circumstance  of  war,**  fflcilf^ 
miirchli^  to  a  lAartial  iir,  sounded  by 'dnmtt  and 
warlike  illstruntentsi^  aitd  take  ilieir  stations;  Soon 
afteii-tlie  dergyman  ^sief^Ds^yhyMy.  v'M^>>0m 


M 

« 


i*3^;'^f«lr'^ 


one  sideof  the  fine  foren^c^dnnfadc  was ooc«ipie4; 
by  a  paity  of  la^,  who,' a^ir  lo^^ 

in^  grfl^  <rf  thenjpreae^taj^Y^,ihadBauirt^ 
iato^iis  haU  j  and  w«re,  ^wife  ieii^i^^ 

ficiuj:  soite  impatient  momenta  to  the ;  iinscmtabljit 
iBKjr'^akioiff^im^  side  wto« 

0bKf^  oC  Indians,  who:  W  here  on  a  visits,  to  ^? 
jg^sidcht/  (papa  oflfte  liavageii,)  Sn  iheiiv  lAliye  im^ 
tume,  ^ir  straight  black  hair  hanging  iii  pints  dtrtwt 
theii]  tewny  ^hbuldertt,  widt  mottassins  ori^iei^i«i!t;c 
ringi  Biftfaehreiis  and  noseii  a^Iaige  plale^  of  iilver 
on 'tfa^artas:aiid. breasts,  ^m^^tfy- '.  '^'-r'/iet^<.}h-q<:  .-V 


'■^'jIjIM' 


■^^ 


t^L-:^^% 


•ihrei;  flnniiig  Wd  (MutaH*  nld 


'j?^^^0rjy 


In  the  eenter  of  Ihe  peiisij^  stood'a  st, 
officer  of  ^Amcricalii^ution,  who  p^esTlii* 
J^rjiemwimig  w^©^  »n  ^Wlshiogton^^>^^  peti- 
uie^/^o^;nesi:for  "that  wlulch^ouM  accottipany^ 
oMa|;fe  ;»Jhis  habit  of  tte«o^ai^c^»  edged  with^ 
toihishM iace?^  hair^^Mrfe  as  snow;  hi^fece' 
««nwed,«l>utMoC,;4^^iifilig  with  6ne  hand^ 


y^i)  :>;:^P^iX^T;f^^^j| 


/  ■■-  ^Ij.-.f .  '( 


'▼«*np^ip«^jlat~^ 


sf» 


G.:-.r 


*■    v-J 


L''"5liit- 


;i'ar 


«l 


ni- 


, « 


^-^fSar^  tlm  audiem^  was  the  bcnoh  of  reverend 
pip^teoing  with  constraijied  patience  to  a  hiby- 

^Jf^ppl^esnwn;  who,^thhishairinfuUpowda- 
^without  any  robe,  i^hi^h,  like  charity,  miehl 
l^covereda  miijtitude  pf  impipprieties,  was <aL 
|«i||Iaw-Iogic.  m*  vpic^^^loiid  as  to  be  almost 
l^iilits  own  reverberations.  This  was  tb^^ 
to  of^lw  i¥«ch;  jf  wbicjti  I  bcanlnothii^^ore 
^m  pcrw^on.  But  that  was  ^a^^  for 
W^  as  weU|6s  I  could  catah  the  siibj^t,  ttiS^  wa^ 
a  pMTadmg^s^ngth  of  ai^uni^^^  som^v  corns, 
catwns  of  rhetoric,  his  ^t^  were  so  vefieZt 
c^wt^dance  so  an^^  digressjoii 

mm^  ^P^J^i^^  it  was 

iBip0»siW^toteq)  in  view  bpOn  the  speaker  and  his 
"»"«^  j^  indeed  before  he  concluded,  I  suffered 
^enteof  restl^ssnesa,  and  a  jaded  attention. 
»^^  eflbr^^^  stai  1^  under- 

Birt  i^is  in  ^  two  houses  of  congrew  W  wj 
Jould  look  for  the  orators  of  America,  selected 
ftcmembers  of  those  houscsare,  fiomaU  parts  of^^ 
country,  fqr  their  tafeiits  and  eloquence.    To  Zcxx' 
tain  degrefc,  an  abiUtjr  for  good  puhUc  speak  Wis  va^ 
t^mpiop  in  the  United  States.    Natutel  fluenc^ 
diaracteristic  fire,  aojl  a  habit  of  j>u^c  debating 
are  ^ostuiilveisal.  But jbere  haJh^^n,  andS 
^^^»  elsewl^,wk9,  as  their  ^^its  have 
iJ^feA  coiTobor^tedliy  a  morecl»n^ete^ucatioivM^ 


^A    i 


\ 


«-!,  J    ty      -    ^^  I 


t,   ^. 


';■??■ 


r^;.^-; 


K" 


cd  prpbaWy.  1o  higher  giadcs  qC  #jt«|gpi  |l|||^*9Sf 
of  the  Americap^t    ,  ^.     -     , 


'^j^' 


Is 


COl 


^ 


'ifeeare^ierj  in <x>ngre>j^3t|  whoM^r^ 
smeli  of  th6  cai^p  is  mone  j^fceptible ;  but  Aotie  t6 
txb  cdn^id^'i^d  modeh  df'fine  speaking.  tiad«<»I  ifi6 
adopt  eithek-  the  cotigi^iss, '  or  the  fbrunt  flt  Wftshu^g;. 
t(m/as  types  of  the  natiohat  oratory,  woUAd  be  doing; 
injustice  to  the  xotintry;  for  there  are  at  th^bir,  and 
in  the  proyihcli^  assemblies  of  many  of  the  states,  or 
at  le^  tKere  were,-  when  t  formerly  resided  in  Attii; 
rioaxjneh  certainly  iyj^ilior  to  ahy  whose  «xhibMm 

,^,     ^^  _  ,  ^  .ring  br,ne6fessil^^^''^^ 

tgiiienceis  the  cliild  of  ihe  passioiu,  biurh  in  diebosoih 
^l3>erty,  fokered  by  die,  |ove  bf  gtbry.  In  ^ 
<^ly  sbiges  of  society,  a  mi^i  endowed  iviw  fllwil|6 
^i^fM  ima^oh,  an^  an  i^^t^ 
uniting  a  firiti  and  rapid  enimciatioh  With  strdiiiig 
igestures,  and  vehement  intonad<His  with^  patliedc  ac> 
cent%  would  surpass,  someUmea  in  great  strokes, 
andjiyiways  in  impres^oh,  an  orator  enlightened  by 
study^  and  di^cifdined  by  ntle^  But  the  scene  is 
cl'^anged,  when  society  advances  in  civilization,  when 
manners  become  refined>  ideas  eil^ged»  objects  com- 
plicated ;  wh^n  saga^i^  rather  ihark  truth  prevails 
in  debate ;  whei^  ^  ;/|ir|^  and^ienc^li^  furnishing  a 
j?uWti^  of  ^€^ '^^pff0^ii^  auf. 


4-W^'«g«fc^<| 


«ittl«d  itf  thi*  {dace,  contaming  probably  some  persoMf  ttric* 

tures,  not  intended  for  the  public  eye. 


.imi 


'-4^  'ft^i 


-,  "Vite  ■iSKW' 


^im4i*iiaiiiiiii  I'l 

lint  litSe^  «of«  tisQ  the  jrI 
with  ammatioii^  w^ 
b^omcs  thcp  devpiei^ 


■'--^m^ 

t,/    1 

j^  ■■ '^^  ■  ■    'y: 

>^           'inH 

f'  •  1 

2g5#P*w»-  But  idniiwi^, 

■Jod. 


__£ 


>    ^*>1   I. 


'y^' 


.^iA*-!. 


N 


J. 


..^.Mff 


.:^i 


,f^- 


^^M#Qlil^  ISP* 

ia 
itilm>itie|i||  ^ 
are  fi^  09 


*'^^#^i^^|^m«pf^^^^fi 


4ue  tae'pre^ei    ^,,._,.._. 

!*  f* 


«':rv;''*. 


■**#'■■•... 


« .  » Jf 


k  ^  1.-1I.U 


?f 


f'^ipiis'ii^ 


•■i^^lfi, 


Burke,  or  evcii  Pitt  ti^  Fox 


r^- 


'  t  _....   f^:"^ 


^  of  those  ^tifiiiibirs,  that 

p biinidind  that  Ommmd^l^nk- 

I^^j|i|^ji||t;,att  constitutional  mm9&- 

>   rklista  and  Mpil||ipilil%  against  the  shftddes 
,     of  domination/ teve  atrttck  out  somfe  of  the  Jacst 
ftai&elof  an  doqviiiee,  s&blim^ 


ki-itpm- 


{■■■  :.;*'.      '. ,.  / 


.tt\^... 


/.^•-^•^ 


m 


i  t  ^ 


|#iore  gen 


issemblws,  tlie  bai^dr  the aevtmd  m^,.m-J& 
j#uneroii8  poUtiad,  ud  academiG  nniriii|i||^iyTau 

'f^lllilJ^lllpliBnbUes  of 
ny««g«iwiis  most  natura^ii^mp^  Acip. 

_,,^  .  ,,..,^^.,    ._...-_..»■<*«  Apa|iiiip  -statt!8»  an 

Wfffilliriliii  iM^  wli|cli{ie^iiced  the  ^me  efiba  In 
^ii  MiiMi  nViunonw^ilths.^  In  t^^^  ^ulacc 
---^^-^.-^-c,w--,w^,^l^-  i^acpiiM^e  j,,h(Bitj  'the  peo- 

m^^VttahviAm^msmgry;  notth^wiiich  retain* 
*''^'"  ^"'Jl*  which  ideas  are  classed,  ailJMte,  in 

^  onkre  ^Wm^. 
.  ,-  ,,«ti»blch  unites,  wl^   it         ,.- 
coii«*ws8 ideas;  an  jptn^d  and  haniy  Ic^ic,  which.      '  *t 


^^dedu(^j  « c^nige  iMie^^ 


oomparison^ 
abated 


11^. 


mm, 


/*■' 


^d 


1^'^U^ 


•'J.V 


ri 


VSF^ 


#* 


t^-. 


"  iM^^yVTAlmifili^mtfrWifriaiVif-^^^^^  -m'  -   '  '"'     'V    ^^^ 


,.4to-,    .)  >     t       .  '" ■■         '.:*"    T     ■  •■  ■    r:^  ■' '' '   4WV  ■    ■'T'r  ^^^ 


4t 


'  irfiliklii  'i-i-iiiiifcii^-'' 


l;^Jk\.    ' '".vli^K.  •stv-.,^      . '     -.jfefU.i!^ 


'% 


♦    1>-^ 


ir*^ 


mm 


r 


i;  ■  ''1,  #.4,~li 


^  Pl^Ciiiing'  ^j 

^. ,  every  *k 
^'fellow-ckizeiis  lov^t 


ittif 


fartttre^ 


hiracteii^ticflf: 
*  '*  *ttc  as  it  is  useful,  and  as 
jnqrvite  life.    G<initi*  de 


^  g^T  of  empires ; 
ti^  Itfioseanddaration.    WheJ^Waa||ii 


6S 


•  li 


V 


«Pf¥itiwcd  and  €m  >iriU  be  Washmgtoot  Thent^ire 
I»«)dipoMs  Jten,  whp  appear  at  mtenib,  with  t^ 
«h««acterof  greatoesaaiKldominaticw.  iCimkndwn 
w^rnatuial  cause  sends  Aem  forth,  wWjnrqtiired, 
to  found,  «r  repair  the  ruhis  of  empW  In  vain 
^Mch  men  keep  alooi;  p^'ini,  witttfe  crowd  j 
l|te|and  of  fertiinc  raiaiw  them  suddeily.  and  ^hey 

through  triumph,  to  the  sHmmit  of  authhrity.  Impi 
lation  animates  their  tjidiights ;  ah  wiiible  move-  . 
m«,t  js  given  to  %il  enterprises,  ^e^riiultitude 
looks  for  them  m  itsetf,  but  ends  them  Lot ,  and  lift. 
•«ig  up  tei  eyes,  they  are  behcid  in  a  s&efe  hstt,len. 
dent  with  light  and  gloiy.  No  mo|arch  J  his 
-  tWB  ever  so  great  aa  Wag^L  i^  hk  re- 
ftt  No  founder  of  an  <imp}re  >d  the  aame 


^^  %  locking  io-ound  tin  die  . 

and  pro^rity  he  had  created,  to  excL 

meamagmes,  hacnobiRtas,  non  heredjUt 


l^ribus^et  pericutts  qu  \esiuu 


power 
im,  £k  sunt 


# 


'}^^ 


^Jwipcient.  would  lunre  deified  .ochi  Inditiaaii  i, 
Wa*fa^on,  «id  traosmittpd  his  name,  th«,  rendered  ^ 

m«i^  ^oBal  iottitutions,  no  c6m*l  of  p&r.^Tiwfe 

. .    ,  *^'llf»'9"^»  ■■^n?  w^rested  e:!terttoins  of  indi- 
vidtt^s,  efsltid  by  their  su^rft^lnt.  and  viiC*   t7      4 
*»  be Mt  qf  the  fi,pt ^ects  W tfMllifc- £^t«^ 
ranne  me  characters  of  those  meit,  to^M^  tfillrWs#iii|e 
iii^  «ten  in  part  .#Hbed,  «,d  with  whoselame^ 

^^^       ?!!"'!!"  *"  •r'^S^-    8ome^#the  kbfe-t 
»nd  hi»tQrf»na  hr    ^     "«»'  -^^'' 


'•*-fi* 


■m^ 


J^': 


■'^ 


JAj* 


1^ 


ri 


•vf: 


■!*■' 


parsed  liway  «poBti«i%^  each  of  them  nrltb,^3|:. 
much  urged,  anckffliuch  untested,  to  applauaei,i4p|j^  ■% 
ate«|f  «sidenc«i4n  the  United  Stotes,  anditokjii 
iii^|cJbsenratk»i  of  thiir  principal  men,  mamielf; 
and  iastitotions,  I  hope  1  have  coUected  the  meaA 
fo*  appreciating  them  jo^i  without  imbibing  tJne 
IpoipOft  of  their  foctions  and  pereonalities :  jAif^ 
stell  endeavour  to,  delineate  them,  to  if  tH^  wcfi 
no  more^  witliiput  biaa  or  pi^tdice. 


s^* 


A 


^^ 


-^e. 


-    ■•*-!.  i,  k,!V  *''-!, i  T^t^p^ 


^\, 


d<PpotH 


lis 


A* 


■5»-.'. 


1 


L# 


'  .    ■■■■■' ;--4-^-""'V  ■     -'^'"    '■'■'■ 

P^miBe  d  jamais  Paffreuae  politique. 

Qui  pr^t^nd  »ur  iqs  coei^  un  pouv, 

-lilli^  Ie!r-tjf^ashin^  it  was  iiMossibi 
to  ^  J  ^nd  Mr.  Adams,  whdws  misfortune  k  was  to 
^cce^d^iini,  proximus,  sed  Imgo  intervaUo,  n^^ 

!pr  >  tn  piteferencc  tp  measures.  Salluat,  a  warm  ^trer 
of  popuW  8;ovemment8,and  certainly  enliste^'wjthlMpular^ 
«de,  inquiring  into  the  causes  of  Roman  greatniw,  thi^ei- 
^«^W»  opinion:  Mhi,multa  agitanti,  conat^^t  fumko- 
f^mtm^greffUm  mtutem  euncta  patrvm,Me  t  toqutja^ 
m  ^^itins  fiaUfierttu,  nmltieudintm  jmcita»Mufieraret. 
^dePit.».S^  Un<y^,ipre9gH(Ju^^,  says  Voltaire. 
rtcnfah  dc  gran4dan»ic  mondc  m  J^ar  ttg^^  la  Ji:^^^ 
tftt«  •cut  homme,  qui  lutte  contre  lea  MjugSa  de  la  muhi 
mW  '«  ^''"rt.  And  the  late  Mr.  Pox  expresses  a 
l^  sendnipnt  in  siaiatronger  terms.    '^'How  Tain,"  si, 

Pidl^ho«rpr^^mi>tuou8  is  tie  pinion,  that  la^i 
iiy  thing!  And  how  weak  and  pe«*aous^li^  maxh^*^ 
^Jded  upon  It,  th,t  measures,  notmen,»re  to* be  attended 


,,v  If-^^  f^l-^^. J|j>  tpo-the  philosophic 


4-' 


w 


.1  't'fii- 


■  ■■.♦>    « 


.#-^ 


-v 


;«#» 


'4' 


Mi^ 


'/, 


!V 


*i"-i 


.*fi*e  comffleBcement  of  the  n^ia6m,<Mt.  Aims 

"inachabte  reputation,  ha«-ing  had  the  hbnbur  of  „. 

P^ttights  county  in  S^pe  on  s^vend  momen. 

«»^™.s,  and  beiUISan  individual  of  prepbhde- 
^  .nau^ee  in  the-State.  of  New-H^n^.,^ 
m^  devotved  upon  Wiri  ate  wS^on's 
"^-^men^  as  .u**re,  ratl»r  as  a  ma«tr.«f.  .^tine* 

S^*!^"  i;   ^°^'  "*  *«  any^^«afaj-;? 

W*<*fecce«.    Elated  V  his  election,  Mr..AS   -^^ 
lostfte  •qoammitjr,  which  was,  pertaps,  tl*,«SS^    * 
q^^hisplace.    WaMing,S:dS3S 

•Wft*  tW  SBrifed  hi„  into  offifei  subsided.  3 
f«*aid  f#Itlf«iil„f«ua,io„  that  foUowed^S^ 

te*"*'^  »*<»"  his  govenm,.*.  a«a  th^  his 
si*4v^pow«wasonth*w»».    AconsiZbte- 

■mfmptfuoas  andtfilikntial  wasO™ 


t.^ 


•Jli 


;^1 


•  Of  form 


"*-      Th-^    ,;s:^**™«»«n*I«*  fools  contestf  ^     .^  r 

That  wlucflUs  best  adminUtered  is,bea#'       '     :>  ,    i^i; 


''|te 


*• 


rM* 


M 


'$■   '*»; 


^:^ 


.if' 


■fjiij 


««.. 


«.»      u 


nci^  H^|iPipf!%^  of  spkndid  an^  versatile  te* 
lent9i|jl^  a  rcfmantic  temper  and  noEik^ile^^  of  hd* 
noiir,^bl]t  imprudent,  ahd  hathg  and  despising  the 
president*  Oft  the  odiw^ytM  antagonists  were 
^managed  by  a  kader  d^l^nn^te  i^ill,  m  whom 
1*M*s  opposition  rq)08ed  implicit  confidence, 
l^pi  i^hdliw  every  way  si^rior  to  Mr;  Adaiii%.i|i 

|wc  arts  of  jpopularity.    He  suffered  m6it«oyer  fitiift 

^]tomparisoite  with.  Washington.     Of  a  pisoA  and 
gracefW  persbii,  iteserv^d,  august  and  commanding/ 
the  latter  knew  how  td  be  gracious  ^yitbout;  relaxing 
Ills  i^ve  dignity,  and  to  maintain  an  elevated  oii- 

*<ji*l  l^k  without  the  gudlk  or  glaiv  of  royalty.  J|at 

Mr^'^^^dmis  had  none  of  these  advantages..  J^ol^. 

neither  gnic<^ul  nor  imposing ;  and  Ya& 

manndrs  i^re  sometimes  abrupt  and  repulsive.  Thus 

deficient  in  some  of  the  qualifications  for  command, 

^thou^heundoubt^jl^joyed  many  othcr^thwart^ 
in  his  own  par^,  i£i^<||^oaed  by  tldiitful  iidversaij^ 

.^po^^qi^l^  t^ittkt'andlwas  supdraeded 

liihc  ^p^llon  bf  tilie  first  term  for  whiii^b^^ 
ch«»6n.  ^'^^^^^^^  ^dee^  to  coiUend  ^^  nb  moooiA' 

xd^ial^  di£K^ls,  sndt^i|de|^  j||t^  l»bii^ 

hhn^^&J^'iiiy  ^i^fWif  ^^d  m^: 

"^ext^nsive  infor«ii|Qt»,^^titai^t«»as  of  1^^^, 
|»res4pn  fiw  public  plaocsi  he  certainly  possessed} 
^  and  had  he'bceh  content  to  move«i|i  a  iq^ihei^  for 
.  lytoch  he  was  fitted,  elevntcd  %y£  pot  the  tftojr 


'^\ 


<!»' 


M' 


\  ',/^' 


tb^L^'iT.  i'i-*^*  •* 


,  ii^  ■-■■-:■ 


's: 


-%■_   jj^r. 


!;s?^' 


"^  • "  '■  a*- 


dmte^  ^hc  nwght  have  Uved  #i«pcrou8ly,  and 
died  w.th  an  enviable  .eputatiSi.  But  seduced 
.  mto  regHws  where  he  was  incapable  of  shinimr 
he  began  to  decline  almost  as  soon  as  he  ti^spa*! 
«?d  on^them.  Toward  the  dose  of  his  p«^, 
jvhen  the  manifestation,  of  dissatisfection  fe^an  t^ 
bf  abrmmg,  k  was  said  h^  made  unbecoISng  sa- 
cHfic«  to  propitiate  popullHty,  which  served  oiily 

^mhi  th^admimstration  of  governments  themiwt 

unfr^uert^y  occurs  a  dilemma,  where  it  is  extreme, 
lyperpkxmg  to  determine  iVhctKer  to  advanqe  Wte,  < 

>ss^^  w^^    time-serving  abandonmenl^was not 
J|ore^l<»,dou8  than  an  independent  pe«evmncein 
^unpopular  measures.  ^  . 
Pftt^lations  of  privi^life,  Mr.  Adams  was  al- 
^P  ^V*^  *^  exemplary  j  affectionate  in  hb  fit- 
^r^f^mA   ingenuous  in  hi3  friendships; 
punctilious,^  the  observance  of  his  engageme,^, 
of  religious  habits,  and  few,  if  any  vices^  incapabte. 
of  intngiife,  and  deficient  even  in  that  additss,  which ' 
IS  oftenr  so  necessary,  an^  seldom  amiss,  ift  a  »^^ 
called  to  act  a  distinguished  p«it  His  love  o^uT 
ny  was  ard^  and  high4oned.  He  W  Ibowledge, 
but  mrn^  books  than  men.  He  had  seen  a  gi^ 
foutme  O^ubUe  iwsiness^   but  hU  acqu«remei|i 
*w  notjprictic^   Vanity  was  his  predomiAatfi^ 
mg;  and  though  his  judgment  was  in  geneial  gooit 
•  *»t)of  imbe^a^  htmg  about  it,  like  ivy  round  if . 


i-i^l: 


■  r.  .  .^^* J 


As  J 


■^- 


i 


s^ 


.* 


m 


70  .  . 

:      ^  As  Madame  de  Scv%rt6  says  of  one  of  her  friends. 

his  ^  and  bad  qualities  w*re  mixed  up  pell-mell 

together;  and  these  nevef  could  answer  their  desiim 

without  more  or  less  thwarting  from  the  othe^.^  *  ^ 

Yct^lus  Administration  was  more  unfortunate  for 

tamself  ted  his  party,  than  for  his  country:  not  so 
lU  advised,  as  unsteadily  executed,  ending  as  much 

too  low  as  It  began  too  high.   As  his  career  wis  un- 

successful  his  annals  are  obscured  ;  and  fhdeed  it 

may  be  doubted,  whether  his  party,  as  such,  will 

ever  recover  the  defeat  they  sustained  under  his 

aus^ces.    But  he  must  always  feel  the  consolation 

^JT^J  t^l  ^' ''?'**  ^^  Princq,les,  the  least ' 

^"^^  "^^  "^*^*"S  worse  than  ambition^ 
a  tUB^;  which  one  of  the  most  celebrated  ancient 
writers  and  politicians  designates  as  vitium  pfophis 
vv^tt,  the  vice  nearest  to  virtue.  >  If,  as  has  been  ^ 
ttiought,  the  aggrandizement  of  his  own  family  was 
his  favourite  object,  he  at  least  associated  their  e* 
altation  with  ^  of  his  onmtty ;  and  as  a  great  poet 

.^'' •'  \  When  men  aspire;''*'"    --'*:/^r-  v- 

.  ^  rri»  but  a  gpa*  106  oitach  of  heai^nly  Ik?  ^^ 

.'C-  '    «        '        '  '  '  '  '         .  ■     •         ■  ;,■   ■        r  „:  ^    *     !        .■■>-■• 

"■Ilii  supposed  Mr.  Adams  is  relieving  his  leisure 

by  composing  Wd  tir^rn  memoirs;  a  donation  which 

J^mm^s^smen,  who  survive  their  power, 

oiw^Wptem^^  aJisuth  aaarefo^iiate  to' 

their  c<iuhtiy#> m.mm^ffi:^■; ^i^^  p^^i^^-,i^^^.^^^ ■....  _ . ^..^ 

%pie  political  demise  of  presi^nt  Adams  wa^ 
succeeded  hf  a  cfifts  that  thrcatcM^  ^,^ave  fetai 


<_* 


% 


"i^ 


M''" 


VB' 


,il 


•jj* 


to  tto?Aiteio»i  union;  .nd  <»»idi,  thouRh4ot 

«n"t,  inaanuchasit  tends  to  show  theiw^a^abte 
^f=^.:^.«""'r^'«««' ambition.  tlSt^ 
by  «„  »d.«dud  of  n.nk  and  talent.,  ..pJu^Zt 
and  n«un..««,s  of  .l,e  American  people.  Qie  ofU^ 
^^Part.^  whocontested  die  preadenojr,  gave  the# 
vWesforMr.  leflbson  and  Colonel  Burrfas^sid^ 

^  ■^:T\*^  -*o„.  desig™..i„rwlud, 
M^mtmled  for  d«  one  office,  ami  whichV  tf* 
other.  ^Burr  was  a  man  of  unquestioned  duUties 
but  unbounded  ambition.    B«ve,  insinuatinr^ 
mficent  and  artful,  fond  of  pleasu«.  but  foSeTrf 
g^onr,acce»sU,le,a(6ble and  eloquent:  Bke  Rienzi 
and  some  other  eminent  demagogues,  studious  «ri 
bbonous ,  cahn  m  recess,  undismayed  at  reverses; 
po*. j»  debt,  subtle,  popular  and  intriguing,  ft!^ 

chttf  rtagisttacy.  But  the  d»„fusion  of  suffices 
placed  that  dazzling  object  within  hi.««.h;^ 
unable  .0  resist  the  „mpU.,ion.  he  Uimpem,^  S 
the  oAer  t»rty,  iu  hope,  of  attaimng  tt^  ,7* 
voices.  I^ke  Qost  double  dealei^fce  .wantef 
lufon  to  go  all  lerifeths;  and.  thk,  intrigu^ 
when,  had  he  exercised^-same  baueno.  that'^ 
Va.H=«,  »d,all  el^ivSSchies  h.«.,^^ 

s^^SeSsir""™'^ 

«^»e;- After  a  violent  and  doubtAUeonclavS 


M      • 


.-•■■ 


4"  J^  - 


-,•<?' 


/. 


~<i^^.  -V 


'V(   .  'f-ff^-jf^^  f. 


72 


\ 


-'4  J  ' 

V     ^^««gh  appointed  Vice-President,  (whicfc  place  he 
filled  with  unrivalled  dignity  and  inteUigencej)  lost 
the  cqiintenance  of  his  own  party,  without, having 
ingratiated  himsdf  with  tlie  other ;  and  at  thfe  cxpi- 
ration  of  his  four  years,  notwithstanding  maiiy.^ug- 
gles,  was  abandoned  by  both  parties.  Thus  stripped' 
^        of  hi^  rank  and  emoluments^  at  a  moment  when  h^s 
afeirs  were  mvolved,  and  his  lust  of  power  unap- 
peasable, mala  res,  spes  mt4to  asperioTy^hd  being 
\        exiled  from  his  State  in  consequence  of  Ifcilling  Ge- 
neral Hamilton  in  a  duel,  he  plunged  at  last  into  a  ^ 
conspiracy  for  invading  the  Sjranish  province,  or 
severing  the  American  States,  or  soi|»e»odicr  su6h 
impracticable  fwoject,  which  he  was  so  infetuated  jas 
to  imagine  would  raise  him  to  an  eminence,  from 
whence  he  might  look  down  on  his  revefSes  and  ene- 
mics6>  Whatever  this  mysterious  scheme  was,  it  was 
so  badly  either  planned  or  executed,  as  never  to  be, 
•     come  Sufficiently  obnoxious  to  i3:ik  law;  and  was 
tr«ied,  detected  and  crushed  by  President  Jefiereon 
with  tiiumphant  facility.   Since  thjs  series  of  disas- 
tcrei.in  w|ich  Burr  has  been  impliSked,  many  have 
«ai^«cd~lhat  he  nevef  coukJ  have  possessed  the. 
vi^^us  understanding  and  ch(aractfei\  generally  at-.  . 
^buted  to  him.    But  his  conspiouousness  was  too-"* 
.'lon||f  perceived,  and  too  extensively^  ta  be  decep-    ' 
H^  tive :  iqEid  he  is  rather  to  be  viewed  s^  tui  instance 
of  ^  degradation,  consequent  up<^  nlisapplied  ta- 
*fert^^    His  country  lost  in  him^a  citissen  of  mascu- 
^    line>nd  aspiring  sjfirit,  of  infinite  addr^  andxx- 
^fllent  acquiccments,  who,  had  he  succeeded,  might 


he 
ha 
fir 


"• 

• 

f 

'I' 

'.|''-,  - 

„ — 

.  '1     '  , — 

^  :_..*:'..:• 

U.  ^ 

■%■ 


";■*;/  .:";^^.v:' 


?^^^»f^'^  Caesar;  but  as  he  fiul«iis 
hanlly  entitled  to  th^  infamous  celebrity  (tf  Catk 

Mn  Jefiesc*.  to  whom  the  rei^  were  «u»  coii 
mitted,  was  dways  a  l»d« ;  and  in  Act  waslanttly 
fontr°n  J"  creating^  party  to  which  hX' 
longed.^  Under  a  gradual  «cumuIation  of  fresh 
points  of  controvtoy,  he  maintained  this  post  with 

Jeft  It  tmbe  had  accomplished  the  extremest  ftiUa 
,  Pf  the  pohtics  to  which  his  life  was  devoted.  WhUe 
out  of  place  his  oppositira,  was  incessant  and  peK 
™dmg;  andwhen  invested  with  power  toeTetSe 
Ae  prmc„rfes  he  professed,  his  p«aHce  show^fiow 
much  he  WM  m  earnest  in  his  pwfessions.  He  mad^ 

>.  way  to  the  executive  magistracy  through  clo*b 
iE^»m^tatM|»s  awl  evtqr  sort  of  o&tele..  Wtea  ' 

r^lT  *>!  t «™«» -"i^.  when^beamsS. 
<iuth,%  begah aheady  Wplay  <i,  hisirows,  hehad 

y  tera  dffihed  from  U  by  the  mtaagement  <rf 
»"dh«advemries..  Yet  he  entered  on' his  of.  , 
hce  with  the  utmost. apparent  serenity^- WfiUe  a» 

a^eof  imipvation  thundered  f«m.  his  atife,;:obUvim 
^Pd^ciliatiqn  t^e  on  his  lips.  '^a;ft,go^ 

^mdfed  m  number  as  they  be«mc  mo.*iavSp,e^     . 
H«  parl«ans  mcreaaed  in  number  ind  devML" 
»d  *ough  th^opposition  loaded  himTitTrg^. 
of  the  foulest,  dye,  hi.  Muenoe  augmn.ted  ev!^  « 
.t^'f  "^  *°  "righten  under  c3p.  Wh^i    • 
Act  the  gallantries  and  other  irreg„laritle,  of  wWch 
te,™«.  accused,  were  founded,  it^'nq^fiyS  , 


•'       t: 


*    .  -ii 


V 


f 

-'■ 

:V:,« 

• 

-  •*■ — ' 

k.^i^       •..;>■■. 

.  ....    ..#-^' 

\  ■'■-'  i 

'PWflWwB^^'yty*' 


74 


kit"  «  * 


throned  in^ 
lefferson  vm 
the  people; 
p^mtfsdt  was 

itHiiA'' *tt  freei 


cide,  as  he  had^  magiianiaiity  or  tbo  po^cy  never 
to  notice  or  cohtradict  such  aecusatwn«.    If,  as\va» 
said,  he  wantefl  personal  rcsoiution,  he  certainly  did 
not  want  pol^cil  firmness,  which  he  evinced  on 
ma^iy  occasions.   Though  supple,  he  could  \^  ki- 
aexible ;  and'  though  wary,  he  waa^  determined.    U 
he  stooped  t6  miwortby  aets  for  popularity,  hp  had 
at  least  the  justification  d»t  arises  from  success;  for 
probably  no  ^dividual,  without  force,  ever  was  cn^ 
predominant  a  personal  influence.    If 
the  idolater,  he  was  also  the  idol;,  of 
ad  even  Washington,  though  ipoce  ne 
ahvays. more  populan  ^^^-^^.^i,^, 
was  k '  man  <tf  an  original  f^i^\Qf 
cer  on  all  subjceta.      With^^tum* 
jiukt  expeiiei^  in  diplomacy  and  politics^  he  w^  a 
master  in  iat^gue.    Though  commonly  lop  wu*^ 
governed  by  events,  his  system  was  nevisrtheless  well 
settled;  his  n^ind  penetratmg,  his  judgment  qj^r, 
and  he  lookedjinto  events,  deep  and  dispassionaj^ly. 
His  enemies  n^  not  allow  him  to  be  any  thing  but  a 

philosopher:  Ub  friends  extol  him^s  a  sage.  The 
tempestuous  adi  of  liberty  was  his  proper  clement, 
«»  which  he  v^ntur^  to  ft  dangerous  latitude^  but 
wiAout  at  Icaiitj  atiy  pers<MHa  jooisfortunq.    His  n^m. 

•  ners  were  ea^  th&ig^jii)t  elegant,  his  addi»8i«un» 
.  assuming  and  agreeable.  His  colloquial  tateitfs  wei« 
^liltMndcrahte,  an|d  he  understood  pcrfecdy  the  art  of 

iiia|»aging  an  unwie%  majori^  of  the  represent*.  ,^ 
t*vcBr-<»i  m,  4imvA  which  a  president  of  the  U^.  " 

•  ed  States  wlU  alUya be  a  cypjier.     HeTived  inpne 

'  5?™?  of  «  half  finished,  ,half  furnjslijBd  palace,  piain  . 


•j'- 


^ 


^.^ 


i-ij  ifi. : 


*y«li  «i  peculiarity  in  fab  appearance  and  e^blJsh. 
iftent,  accessible  to  every  body  at  aU  times,  affecting 
the  utmost  republican  simplicity,  and  as  carefully 
subversive  of  common  forms,  as  moat  men  in  his 
.  situation  would  have^been  caitefully  observant  of  them. 
His  conversation  was  free,  Kb  entertainments  amia- 
ble j  and  though  aU  ostentation  was  avoided,  it  b 
^Id  few  men  understood  the  elegant  arts  of  society 
better  than  he  did.     He  was  well  read  in  books,  but 
better  m  mankind.  Geography  and  natural  philosophy 
wcrehbfinrourite  studies:  and  being  industrious,  tcn^ 
pcrate  ind  mediodical,  lie  never  wanted  lebure  for 
these  pursuits,    notwithstanding  numerour^^bl 

avocations,  a  ihost  extensive  correspondence,  and  the 
ditocuons  of  a  perpetual  liability  to  unceremonknis 
visite.    But  though  geogmaphy  and  natural  history 

^beholden  to  hb  researches  and  patr&ige^poliacs 
« last  swallowed  up  All  his  ideas.  As  respoctcd  emo- 
lument  and  power  he  was  moderate  and  di^tcrestc^.  ^ 
His  conduct  towards  individuab,  however.was  too 
oHm  ^kerf  by  vindictiveness  and  dup&ity,  and 
the  statesman  frequently  sunk  in  the  politicbn  ^  As 
sagacity  was  hb  strongest  tattbt,  msincerity  was 
his  most  promint:^  defect.  When  he  m%ht  have 
b«n  wr-elected  president,  he  retired  to  hb  fern  •  and 

.    ^JwteverwerehiMnotivestodasresigna^,  ioer- 
tamly  ^  4n  conformity  with  the  principles  he  had 

I  ^  ^™;PO^<^^«s  extremely  repuhttcanan4^^  - 

Ij^pacdic.    W^ver  *iay Jkthe  pemai^  . 


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and  whatever  may  have  been  their  immediate  e^ct 
Ort  the  sjMTi*  4^  character  bf^^  American  people, 
^imem  any  rate  systematic  and  ordinal.    If  they' 
^N««  experiment*,  tiey  were  tried  on  a  gi^t  sc^, 
and  peace  WtotfiCBKHid.    It  seemed  to  be  his  am- 
bJtidS,tod  the  invariable  aim  of  his  policy,  to  prove 
,  to  the  world  that  wars  are  not  necessary  to  the  pre- 
servadort  pf  ^ptace,  that  a -republicaa  pol^^^  is  sus- 
ceptibl^  of  the  utmost  freedom  without  anarchy,  and 
of  combining  with  excessive  liberty  the  tjtmost  ex- 
ecutive vigour,  without  incumng  a  dc^)otism.    For 
seveifi  years  of  bis  administration,  all  his  efforts  ap- 
peared to  aim  at  the  diininution  df  hb  own  authority, 
and  the  reduption  of  government,  which  he  efibcted  to 
siich  k  deg*«e,  as  to  leave  the  people  at  last  almost  with 
ottt  any  sensation  of  |t%^  He  had  rto  talents  for  war 
no  pretenaons  to  military  fame.    For  the  trophies  of 
pieacehe  contended,  and  withdrew  before  they  could 
fade-  on  his  brftw.    His  administration  was  original 
pacife  and  taosdy  prosperous.    It  i^ 
years  to  come  topas^  judgment  <mi  its  wisdom:  Proba- 
bly  it  wiU  be  least  approved  where  he  seemed  anxious 
itsho^ldbc  most, Siwits  Rudest  democratic  features; 
inasihuch  as  all  extrlmes  endanger  die  system  they  are 
intfended  to  improve.    The  reign  cfNuma,  die  adk 
ihinistration  of  Cardinal  Fleury,  and  most  other  aeras 
of  extraordinary  peace  have  bf^  succeeded  by  de^ 
struddve  wars.    Time  will  show  whedier  this  first  o^ 
national  blessings  was  purchased  by  Mr.  JejI&rsan  at 
tdoijdjaira'i^.  ....;■ -f;_;.,,^,,:    ,  p„,-;.  ,^^  _ ,     , ,. 

A  desire  t^  sebeHieir  cbiriA^  aci<ii^ng  6j  the 
best  of  their  restive  abUiti^ii^jui  almost  die  only 


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P^^g^em^th.^^,^  the  presidents  Adams 
^  Jt^flSrson,  oiice  political  rivali,  „pw  political^ 
diades.    yNUn  a  little  time  shall  have  softened  the 
^^"^«f  fetion,  it  is  probable  that  the  imbecUity 
ii^t^  to  dre  <«e,  mrf  the  hypocrisy  charged  to 

^r  t^.^y^"^*  ™""'"^*^ ''^'Sotten,  and  ^ 
pa^otism  of  Both  ^  generally  acknowledged.  Mr. 
Jefierson  s  character  and  administration  each  present 
^  larger  field  dian  those  of  Mr.  Adams.  TTiev  were 
m*e*«ng,nal  and  better  sustained.  Mr.  Jerflon's 
^re^was  enthuwastic,  but  equable.;  Mr.  Adams', 
^lyer,  but  subject  to  gusto  of  temper.     The  one  was 


L 


.    v«^j,  b^t^er  capricious:  tile  other^  resolute, 

M^^  difficult  and  invl^ousj  Mr.  JeffersoX  femiliar 
and  popular.    But  the  former  was  becoming.  fl»ough 
i^feiled;   and   the  Jatier  too -.^  contemptibfe, 
tfibugh  itvsucceeded.     When  ^  Spanish  **«««: 
do«  found  the  Dutch  deputies   sqtiatting^  Ae 
ground,  eating  herrings  with  tjieirfingere,  one  oftibcir 
.first  impres^ons  iiiusf  have  been  dis^stat  rfieiuii.   - 
seemlmessdf  this  republican   festival ;  and  the  seh- 
tunentof  everyVindfavourabfc  to  republicanism,  a. 
r^dingthe  account  of  this  occun^nce,  wjiich  histo. 
nans  have  taken  cart  to  setfortli  in  aU  it&  pati^W 

mu8tbea«ntimc«tofcom^gt  for  so-p«^ 
fectationf  of  republican  simplicity.      , 

Jeferson's  life  was  one  continued  course  of  ex. 
perime^  republicanism,  <»)nc«ved,  and  execdted 
on  ^large  a  scafc,  that  it  must  benefit  or  ihjui«  ex, 
te«sive^vj^3  Adam  did  littW  or  no  ii^iy  ti|  * 
ft**  coiji^y^th^ygh  he  lost  Mms^lf  ^d  disme4eij^ 


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his  pitfty.    His  Dp^  a  istormy  couwi*^  iiotrdteafitig, 
now  overcadtl  duMtlived;  and  setting  in  discsomfitum 
a^^hlscurity*  After  an  eccentHc,  but,  successful 
¥im,JcSkT8on  retired  powerful,  if  riot  seivne ;  and 
I     «iough  partia%  shorn  of  his  beams,  yet  leaving- 
tl»  national  horizon,  even  after  his  departure,  marked 
With  the  radi^ice  of  his  influence.    M  defects  ai? 
:  concealed  in  the  glare  of  his  success.  ^.  Adaite's  > 
virtues  obscured  in  the  gloom  of  his  feU.        ^  - 
\  A  firth,  but  temperttte  adherence  to  th0^  nbatnd 

r    P°^^y»  ^'w*^  Washington  practised*!^  recommend- 
ed, #ould  perhaps  Imve  maintained  Ae  first  in  the 
presidency.    A  mof*  maiily<  assertion  of  that  potior, 
a Ifessexcursive departure  from  theestabUshed usages 
of  government,  and  a  less  extravagant  experiment  of 
the  elasticity  of  republicanism,  would  have  rendered 
the  latter'*  administration  more  permanently  i|)9Cful. 
Tkgr  wandered  both,  particularly  Jefierson,  imo  ex- 
tremes,  fiMgetting  tiiat  jjolitics  have  their  ascertained 
cen&ie,  towhicfa,  after  ail  eccemricities^  they  invaria- 
bly must  gravitate,  and   i^rheiie  alone  tiiey  rest^in 

J .  As  Mr.  Madison  has  but  just  entered  on  the  chief 
magistracy,^  his  probation  is  to  come,  and  his  estimate 
lan  be  conjectured  only.  The  crisis  is  big  with 
peril  and  untertainty.  The  civUized  world  has  been 
shaken  ftt>m  its  ancient  baizes,  by.  tremendous  con. 
cussions,  which  UieUnited  States  of  America  have 
felt  but  in  tiieir- remote  vibrations.  IVIr.  Madison 
having  distinguished  himself^  an  accomplished 
«peafc^«  «id  an  »bfe  writeri  it  remams  to  be  seen 
tf^Mjfer  he  will  prove  himself  an  eirfightcned  executive 


P'♦;'^;■ 


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gov«^^  against .ggreasi<»s.  ]o  concajat,. ifee-faufa 
a  <>atK»«l  eharactet  for  p^ot&m  awl  B,S^ 

J^^  w«t  an  hone«  economy.  «  cuUivate 

Z<fr^    ^^""^  """"^  accomplishment  his 
c«^uy  expects  from  his  zeal,   moderafion    and 

..  ■ ;     .  .    ,;  ■    .      "^-^  *  -■  ■■    ■'" M^l^^Oiy.    ' 


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LETTER  Vir. 


FROM  INCHIQUIN. 


mf 


:/ 


',    '  'Pated  at  Wa&hingtoD. 

■J  .  ,    f     "h '■■ 
THOUGH  the  literature  of  this  countj-y  seems  to 
have  incurred  the  scorn  of  Europe,  th^  certainly 
are  two  works,  which  'as  literary  comp^ions  on 
national  subjects,  are  at  least  comparable,  if^wtisu- 
perior  to  any  that  have  appeared  in  Europe  sinde^ 
independence  of  the  United  States:  I  m^an  Mr. 
Barlow's  epic  and  Mr.  Marshall's  history ;  of  Which, 
as  they  have  been^gross^  misrepresented  by  what 
are  caUed  the  critics  of  J^urope,  I  propose,  in  this 
letter,  to  take  a  transient  review. 

To  begin  with  the  Columbiad,  of  which'thc" 
American  press  has  just  put  forth  a  splendid  editioii, 
ornamented  with  rich  engravings,  and  executed  al- 
together  in  such  a  style  as  to  plaice  it  decidedly  at' 
thd^head  of  American  typogbphy.  The  poet  with 
a  y^ial,  if  not  a  laudable  partiaU^Tlis  himself  cdn- 
tributed  large  sums  froni  his  private  fortune  to  the 
cn^belUshment  of  this  work,  wifich  doe§  great  honour 
.to  Its  author  and  his  country;  yet  I  cannot  help  re- 
gtetting  that  so  excellent^  dispassionate  and  benevo- 
lent  a  \yriter  did  not*  bestow  the^ime,  talents  md 


/ 


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'  \)  S'    %    *    'I  ■'■':/.■.--; 


^ 


?atperi8e  appropriated  t6  lioetiy,  on  some  theme  b^.  ; 
ter  suited  to  his  geniui  and  which  might  have  be^^ 
nww  extenslvdy  useful.    Mr.  Barlow  is  yet  pujy  a  > 
Jivmg  iJoeti  and  fame  seldom  give*  the  whole  scope 
ofheirdarioiib^to  the  dead.    He  has  e^tiy  re^^ 
to  be  satisfied  ^ith  his  literary  rank;   thowg^^  ^s 
pen  w  probably  capable  of  pnxiuctipns.  supeiior  to 
Mie  Colunabiad.    V  ?  /?4^««  -  .. 

-  i^)etiy  iw  soimuch  the  languagernftf  nat^w?,  thaJv 
almost  ev<ay  youth  ctf  any  fam^entui^sa  flight^to 

:^*^      ^mavit  in  dulci^tt^ii,    .  ,», 


.V.  -;    ■ 


.  but^(k>.  ex<^usiv4|hc  "^ 
g«iniuyiat  fi^m  the  age:  of  Miria^  &^ 
harmonious  days,  the  number  of  its  elecO^xtremeiy 
fwciqi}?.   "AiWi»vebecn<^edl)uff^wchc)8dn/». 
The  f^iliti«j  of  ptintrog  hayp  added  to  the  num[?er 
v^  f0et8>  i^thout  improving  their  melody  or  Wbi 
l^ity.    Sm()ptlmcssofnumbidfs,  rbgularjty  of  m<^.^ 
sure,  skilfulneii  in  shprt  in  the  business  krhymink 
ait  WQ|i^,conuBon>(in£e  the  Jnvcnticm'of^ 
whenwe  see  aU  these  prerequisites  so  frequ|?iitlJjcionii. 
bm^  without  cieating  a  ca|^vating  or  ^1^  poem; 
tl*  mfcrence  is  so  miiit^tHe  stronger  that  gehuii^ 
^9^P^,  '^J^  (Spring  of  a  native  genius.     Of  i£| 
great  quantity  of  literary  matter  afioat  good  po^ 

constitutesasmaU proportion.  By^^Imeani^t 
^generally  thelanguage  of  harmonH^^Um;  tiut?  a 


-.r> 


L. 


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,  f  IT'  •' 


~ajti,|!,»«^ 


*: 


"5 


-^^v 


* 


■    metrical  disjKwitioii  of^  aitksulate- '^itoj^    _ 
according  to  ithc  taste  of  dWerent  nations,  b«  # 

distinguished  Irohi  ^11  i!^r  writmgsias  16  W^^^ 
saHy  designated pQc6^i^'*^i«b/'H?^  ivi.;  ,r*^^"••,as7^| 

]t>f^l  others  tlwj  tpic^ »  th«f  ^^antt^tt  W>^ 
diviileBrt,  which*w«st  have  ilucecifeftilljf  attempted- 
Lyripg,  dramatic,  satiric,  didactic,  an^^other  species, 
hayl  had  then-  shrines  crowded  with  T^mries,  and 
wiA  sotftc,  of^h^^      ;;ges,  who  hai>€  bee^i  distin- 
giiished.    fi^  the  epic  poem  i»  imivers^ify  altowed 
to  be  of  aU  poetical  works  mos^  dign^d,  md  at 
the  same  thne  most  difficiiKW  execution.*^  An 
epif  poem,  the  critics  iigree,  is  fte  greatest  work 
^^^^'^^'iM^ab^e  of,  aAd  genius  is  its  first  qualifica- 
^'°"^t|B|py  nations  celebrated*  lor  Icbiiing   and 
'^^WHI^^^  flourished  fpr  ^jentuiiis,  without 
'»f5^P|pn  epic  po^r^ ;  W  on<^;pa^       nfet 
^llptened  of  moderns  nations,  after  rehiainhi^''  tffl 
^0yjm  ^ymovt  tKs  hpnoii^l^ms^^t^^ 
^^'^«^|^<5t^eeto,  cailyto  show  k?  i^^ 
^.  ^a9«^?wP|»l»«h  it.,  tnticaiy  sp^in^,  Homer, 
^"#ia^  Milton  oqgi]^  exclusive  t^    iHu^ro^s 
quarter  of  Pam^u^  ap^  time  alojie  can  detenriiiii; 
i»*fther  Bariow  shall  be  seated  with  theiii/^*- -^ -^^^^ 
^  4^^m,  of  the  tolumbiad  is  vast  sM^^ 
ra^reso  tta^smyjpAerexceirt  Rfites.     the  dis- 
covery of  a  Ww^'woJi^*  inv<^^      all  the  noble 
ini»a^5>  arisi^out  ofthc  fi^  j^ssa^y  t^  Atlant^ 
op^)i,  a^prds  a  broader  foiinitiot^  for  the  sublime 
tl^  ahy  po^t,exce^JWilton,  ev^  jbuiltUpon.    And 
the  !^bj§fitli*^ig  i^Bi^jalaiid  emi  political,  adds  don- 

*  Blair'3  Lectures.  *  a  !' 

t  Pope's  Ttd^.Gi  to  make  an  epic. 


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ta 


«^^^  «» |wgnificent,*Jv«.  «„p,^,, 

•i<»«.bly  J,*^„,,  «l^i«t^1^H'  "^"•;; 
mnrai  »k^  '^speot  to  4csMra  and 

™»y  b«  a4mi«ed  Aat  they  ,«„«  such  syiteife 

mcBlcations.  as  the  f olumbiad.  of  pS^  vS^.!^ 

the  amelioration  of  nmnlin^     t^i:'*^^'    ^  ^ 

Mr.  Bario.  WUv^^rl  Z^"^  "*  '^«'  ^ 
eijoch  of  .wj-r^     u     , ''"6'"™  mwt  tempestuoSs 

ton  of  h.s  <M«,  oo^nttj;.  tad  wasaiealous  coadiu- 
^«o  Ae  revoiptin  of  >>«,  that  he  wS* 

S  ir"*  and  ftat.  like  other  ^^  „,  J,^ 

ttem,^^B  jnipoMible  to  applaud  too  WgWy  he  can 
d«^  ^partialit,  whl.  Which  heS^tifc 

i«^.r^  ^^  *^^oJ^W^  «MJ^riberaUtar  he  is 


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than  their  pleasort,Wtns  i;o  huve  been  the  end  of 
his  work :  flhd  with  a  strength  of  reason  tad  abstrac- 
tion from  allp^judioc,  worthyso  glorioiksapurpoaei 
he  pursues  his  aitn  in  a  stiain  pur«fy  and  truly  philo- 
sophical. There  are  many  philosophising  poets,  and 
dibse  who  blend  the  u^liiF  with  the  sweet :  But 
where  ^haU  w^.find  a  poerii;  in  which  die  best  inte. 
rests  of  humanity  are  as  steadily  kept  in  view,  or 
displayed  with  aa  much  fascination,  as  hi  the  Cohi4. 
biad?  .    i  , 

'TMs  is  great,  but  ndtejftmvagant  praise.    It  >s  to 
be  hoped  Mr.  Barlow  priaes  his  philosophy  so  for  be- 
yond  his  poetry,  diattiowiU  not  be  mortiiedto  find 
panegyric  pausingjiere;    As  a  moral  vision,  broadly 
based  in  historical  trudi,  with  a  due  aimixtuie  of 
fiction  and  poetic  machinery!,  constructed  of  interest- 
ing incidents,  intersected  witfi  agreeable  episodes,  and 
conductdi  tdi^lnknictivc  catastrophe,  the  Colum- 
bia4  wiU  always  bc^mired.    If  die  wotds  could  be 
so  transposed  as  to  ii^move  every,  vestige  of  versifica- 
tion, whhout  impah%  the  sense  and  beauty  of  this 
composition,  it  would  stUl  be  read,  and  read  with 
plcasure^^  ll  if  chaste,  moral,  and  elegant  performance. 
But  its  merits  lie  more  in  the  moral  of  the  design 
and  force  of  die  aiigument  than  in  die  poetic  charms 
^  of  the  execution.  '^^■■'^■'■■'  '  S  '<-  ^'  ■  -  ■i}^,^-  -■  -• 

fi  ii  evident  Ae  iudior  is  of  a  refined  and  con- 
teiftplativc  mind;  bu|  a  disciplined  taste  wiU  nq| 
make  amends  for  a  dearth  of  invention.  Readers  are 
advertised  in  die  preface  that  diey  will  find  die  utti- 
ties  in  goo^  preservadon.  But  what  great  poet  re- 
gaids  the  unities  ?  A  man  dT  genius  should  as  soon 


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propidate^the  fetal  sisters.  A  writer  who  sets  out 
with  the  heathenish  determination  of  adoring  through 
eveor  chapter,  these  mummies  of  the  achoob,  cL 
atesfcM- himself  a  most  umiecessaiy  and  insuimounta- 
ble  difficulty.  If  in  the  couwe  of  his  flight,  he  im. 
pe^eptibly  faU  within  their  influence,  he -ma^ 
fredi  lustre  from  their  reflection:  but  if  wid,  unde. 
viatiftg  wing  hefolloigieir  feint lighvhe  must  often 
grovel^h  he  oi*^  to  be  soaring  unchecked 

Arough  the  zodiac  of  fancy.     Thfe  unity  of  actioa 
hasstdl  some  foUdwers  left,  though  the  feme  of  the 

Orlando  Funoso  proves  how  successfuBy  even  that 
m^  be  violated.    The  unity  of  place  in  an  epic  is 
Iwrdly  practicable:  and  the  unity  of  time  is  one  of 
those  relics  of  dramatic  barbarity,  which  no  great  ' 
JT)ic  poet  ever  heeded,  and  which  the  first  of  dramadc 
poets  has  tmmpled  into  scorn.    As  the  Iliad  and 
Odywey  occupy  several  weeks  each,  <he  Eneid  some 
months,  and  Paradise  more  than  the  aUotted  tune,  whv 
should  an  American  poet,  breathing  the  air  of  U 
bcrty^  and  proclaimmg  its  high  behests,  feU  down  hAT 
fore  this  calf  of  criticism!  "       .    T 

From.this^fundamental  error,  spring  oAers,  all 
conspirmg  to  debilitate  the  poep.    For  the  pi^ 

va^on  of  the  unities,  as  it  should  seem,  thestmcture 
IS  but  a  conversation,  and  of  courae  the  interest  to  be 
excited  m  the  characters  is  made  distant  and  feint 
in  proportion  to  the  duplicity  of  the  fiction.  ' 
;  Segi4u«1mtiitaniii»«de^  . 

Bvef)^i%e  of  t^  Columbiad  reminds  us  that  it  is 
but  a  conversation  piece  between  Hesper  and  Colum- 


■■'ii 


/ 


r 


AA 


/- 


n 


\ 


bus,  in  which  all  i^  p^i&t  or  fimirt,  and  nothing  pw, 
afefit  or  striking.    Th«e  twipsactions  indeed  are  reoem, 
and  thi  personage^  famiUar,    But  this,  which  might 
enhance  the  ititei^stAstroys  ^  dignity  of  the  poem. 
It  is  clear  not  only  from  the  boast  of  the  preface^ 
but  also  ft^m  a  varietur  of  inte^jial  evidences,  that  Mr. 
Barlow  is  devoted  to  th?  critical  proprieties  of  hi^. 
Yet  at  the  direshoJd  he  ^Us  ^a  fetol  error,  against 
which  aU  critics,  from  Ari||^  to  Voltaire,  have 
warned  epic  composers :  that  is,  the  narrative  style. 
And  after  studying  aqd  analyzing- hi#  art  for  twenty 
years,  he  adopts  the  exploded  unities. '     ' 

The  feintness  oT  his  characters  and  the  prevalence 
Qf  preceptive  disscrtaticta  is^another  fiujt  not  less  de- 
trimental, which  casts  a  chillipg  mistiiiess  c>ver  the 
narrative.    It  is  said  pne  of  |ie  Comeiile*  preferred 
the  Phar^ia  to  the  Eneid,  because  oqtsaboundmg 
m  stoical  sentiments;  w^ch  is  probate^  ^  the 
maiiy  reasons  why  the  Eneid  is  generalH|rerTed  to 
thelWilia.    No  man  has.  yet  app<|««d  possessing 
the  superlative  art  of  making  his  h^a  more  enga- 
ging m  reflection  than  action^i^  and  Mr.  feo«^  ^ed 
greatly  i^thecause  of  truth,  Iwfien  he  attempted  to 
render  h|i  verse  subservient  to  his  moral. 

This  ienuity  of  interest  is  beaten  out'to'a.dcMce 
of  languor,  by  the  absence,  of  all  those  objects  of  huge 
deep-hned,  disgusting  i^^y\x^,  which  poets  have 
properly  mtroduced  to  r^der  vutue  by  the  a)ntiast 
more  lovely  and  attractive.  There  is  a  Want  of  moral 
antithesis.  The  American  poet  docs  not  geeni  to  have 
reflected  that  mere  vutue  is  apt  to  prove  iiwipid,  and 
reqiiire&the  contrast  of  vice  in  odious  shades.  to^s?t 


"  y  ■j-\^..,^  ^f! 


■^1 


#/■ 


,     ^  HI 

it  off  to  adVantSip  ^^-  m^s  p*a«fcwc««^hi,r^.-.  ^r 

Z^^^:^  oHgM  Wast  6f  his  poe4 1 

bfe^J^il*^  defects  of  the  Cdum. 

^'  ^^  '^i<ih,  howev^  they  may  a&ct^L 

"onaiinorel  excelfence.  "■    »'   ■         .  \ 

As  to  the  superstructure,   whether  it  be  that  the 

P°'^*  ^^.**#talne:  bdf  It  Sppear,  to  w,„t 
fte  6reM\hmtr.^r^y  e,  Jin  an  ^c 

fed  the  maswrtaUQhos.  Which  ge„w  ^^11^^°' 
m4ee«Irtcea„ae,urii(3rofW«.be,;apailS^ 

tetotf.    ButTO  look  V  v^  for  ^t  augua  Z 

»^tous  Jospin.^,,  i^^^  ^  ^^*^ 
'»?«.*'  »%  eyrfeojly  «  fts,  «Tiler,\^  a  Z 

«1«»,  andurfced  ,U  the  Mm^  of  lofty  untimS 
>»».  witlKp,,  which  the  mow  mellifluous  ve-Slic^o,, 


■^ 


88 


w 


scarcely  deserved  to  be  Entitled  poetry,  Wc  look  in 
vain  througli'theipassagea  U  the  Columbiad.  » i  \ . 
There  irb«iid«s\  defic^ieiicy  of  the  pathetic;  Pk- 
thos  is  doubly  li^ssary  #i  an  •  epic.  Independent 
of  the  immediate  sympathies  it  roises;^lt5«Qfv0s 
moreover  to  prepare  for  taA  pJ&kte  those  exti[ava- 
gancies  into  which  poetry  sometimes  plunges;  and 
which,  unless^  fortified  with  surrounding  beau^es, 
that  master  the  fbelings,  excite  all  the  cflfects  of  ludi- 
crous hyperboles/'"*^',  ■  •■'^;'?;  '.*^  f  ^yj^pm^-  *4^?y-  ^  *x,:^i- . 

V  Non  satit  e»t  pttkhM«MO  liqemattt  duldia  s\wto 
£t  quocuoque  volenU  animum.auditoris  aeUi^to.'        - 

Quodans  tottSTot  d|8toaHkpnkttton^t»o«i^^^^'    ^^^  . 

Aiife  oherche'r  le  dtttP^l'i6cluttSb«tler6tiitt«.%  {'V 

^mm^  hMTf':-!  ■■'■>■•• 


^m: 


^m^ 


Mr.  Bi^'low  never  betrays  a  want  of  fancy,  percep- 
tion, or  sentiment  He  is  seldom  harsh  wijprosaic. 
His  learning,  benevolence,  elegance,  taste*  iniihbrf  ,^ 
his  eminentqualifications  of  many  kinds,  dignify  and  ^ 
adorn  every  paft  of  his  performance,  which  has  been  - 
carefully  elaborated  after  the  best  models,  and  is  as 
near  perfection  perhaps  as  art  can  render^  it.  'But  it 
want;s  the  ether  of  poedc  creation,  the  geiuus  of  epic 
poetry.  We  we  pleased,  npt  &scinatedi;^:ii^y^ 
shocked  at  ruggednesses ;  but  rmnSr  charmed'  widi 
U|iexpc^t|d  recreations.  The  Columbiad  b  all  serene, 
agreeable  and  instructive ;  never  delight^  paretic  or 
sublime.  The  coupletS4^meander  smoo^y  along, 
flowing  in  a  natural  current,  without  apparent  effort  or 
retrenchment ;  frequently  swelled  and  rippled  with  the 
breath  of  fimcy,  and  in  almost  ev^ry  respdd;  pietuw 


^^ 


V.if 


89 

.resqueand  inviting ;  but  where  do  they  gu i  with  ge 
mus,  or  foam  with  the  liquid  fire  of  imnipril  song  ? 
There  are  mmorhfcmishes,    which   iuld  not 
escapea  critic:    ai^l  indeed  this  w«#k  L  been 
shamefiiUy  critki^,  especially  in  this  coUiy,  to 
^ose  gloiy  it  is  so  purely  dedicated.     Thefiiultsto 
which  I  allude   are,   an  infiation  pf  language  and 
proncnessto  aUiteraUon.     The  choiafe  of  words  is 
a  matter  oT  much  nicety  with  poets.    Th^y  have 
always  been  indulged  in  the  use  of  such  as  prose 
wiitenr  dare  not    meddle  with.    Obsolete  terms, 
yttbk  transmuted  into  nouns,  and  nouns  into  verbs,* 
iwth  maiiy  other  such  liberties  they  have  never  beeii 
grudged.    But  these  indulgences   are  not  to  be 
abused  with  impunity.    The  adaptation  ofsoijnd  to 
sense  is  a  leading  excellence  of  the  ancients,   and 
has  sometimes  been  attempted  with  partial  raccesa 
by  later  poets.    Bat  the  Columbia^  teems  with  woids 
tliat  are  unusual,  technical,  and  unmusical,  without' 
any  perceptible  reason  or  apology  fortheir  introduc 
^. .  "  Words  too  remote,  or  too  femiliar^  defeat 
th&  jpurpose  of  a  poet  ;"*  for  wh^  the  ^plication  is 
forced,  the  eifect  will  be  absui^.       ,.-,  /i^;;     ;^ 

To  sdlege  that  a  poem  wantsl  inventi^  is  to  be 
sure  denyiivr  it  the  fiwt  of  poetical  ifterits:  but 
awardmg  it  eveiy  other,  is  rendermg  a  homage  that 
few  are  entitled  W  Mr.  Bariow  is  now  occupied, 
I  understand,  upon  a  work,t  for  which  more  iiiidi.' 
vidcdsuflfcages  may  ber  predicted;  and  what  countiy? 

*  Johnson's  Life  of  DrydcQ.  • 

.t  A  History  of  America. 


u 


\L 


90 

^  1 

can  boast  an  epic  on  the  natiooal  haslQiy  eqoi^  to 

Let  ua  next  cdatider  Mr.  Chief  Justice  MarahaU'sl 
Life  of  Washingtioh;   another'  gieat  national  work* 

When  we  iciect  that  the  Greeks  had  no  hiamrian 

>the  8Qth  Olympiad,  more  than  a  thousand  years  f 

their  earliest  ages ;  that  Fabius  Bctor,  the  firat  .« 

man  who  wrote  an  account  of  his  country,  did  nc 

write  till  540  years  after  thf  foundation  of  Roi 

that  Gregory  of  Tours  Is  tis  earliest  of  what 

termed  modem  historianss  and  that  many  great 

tiona,  like  the  Carthaginums,  have  flourisbed  w, 

passed  away  without  evef  having  had  an  hiatoriaw/to 

transmit  Uieir  annals  to  posterity ;  and  when  wc 

vert  noreover  to  the  doubb  that  oivei«ast  all  our  1 

hisMcs*  whae  wc  tender  iilial  is  due  ftv 

tiplic^n  and  improvement  of  late  y^agm  toihe/«Mqi 

ciiweiy  cf  printing  and  progress  of  science,  wc/«^ 

not  deny  dat  die  American  histfl&y  k  a  very/early 

nationat  productiani  nor  when  we  consider 

'  lialsand  author,  can  we  any  mme  deny  die Vrjb-cnu^ 

nence  of  i^  authenticity.. 

During  the  war  pf  the  revolution^  the  present  cbirf 
jiBtiec  tdSompmMd  Ae  American  forces  k7thc  ca- 
padtyr  l^^deputy  jui^ge  advocate,  wh^jh  Tituation 
aft»ded  him  the  best  means  of  becommg'  piiidacaUy 
conversant  with  die  details  of  that  contestT  its  diffi- 
culties and  resources,  die  character*  and  viewa  of 
those  ^  whom  it  mainly  devolved,  and  thf  con^hic- 
tion,   movements  and  engagetoents  of  j5ie  armies. 
In  process  of  time  he  attained  to  situatibiis  of  more 
importance,  and  successively  filled  seve^  of  the  first 


* 


91 

vfittt.*  Posaewed  of  these  adnMBfgta,  endowed 
with  a  maacuUnc,  vcrsttile  and  dttcrimmating  mt- 
i^tis,  and  hoMing^a  place  calculated  to  stamp  weight 
on  whatevt^  he  ahoiiTd  publish,  he  was  sdected  to 
compile  from  the  manuscripts  of  Washington,  and 
from  the  puWic  records  ind  papers,  the  join? amite  of 
Washington  and  his  country. 

The  objects  of  the  work  thus  confided  to  his  crea- 
tidn  were  to  perpetuate  a  correct  and  honourable  me- 
mortal  of  national  events,  and  to  immortalize  Wish. 

ington.    The  herois  Aerefpre  introdu^  with  a  fall 

\ 

•  The  various  t>ubUe  suUonk  4rhich  the  present  chief  jus- 

tice  of  the  United  S^tes  has  heW^nwy  be  thought  to  indicate 

an  early  stage  of  society.    During  the  war  he  served  in  the 

army,  and  to  this  day  Nj, as  well  known  by  the  title  of  gene- 

?!  "'*^*''**  °^  ^''''^*-    **''"'  we  numerous  insbmcts.  of 
this  Cfp^nation,  or  rather  perhaps  confusion  of  dvU,  mIM- 
tetf  and  judicial  functions.    Mr.  Marshan  is  the  thiixl  chief 
justice,  who  has  been  within  the  same  twelvemonth  a  judiw' 
eial  officer  end  a  foreign  ambassador.    The  most  improved!^, 
nauonsofthe  ancientw^ls^ew  no   distincUon   between  the    * 
performance  rf  civil  and  nrtiitary  services.    Caesar  was  high 
priest  before  he  comhianded  an  army';  nor  wia  it  till  ad  late 
as  the  reign  of  Constaiitiae  that  the  Romaas:di«lra  Jine  nf 
separation.    OlanriUe,    a  renowned  justiciary  tOJ^^  ^kod 
in  the  reign  of  Heniy  II.    was  a  great  captain,  ^id  gain- 
ed a  signal  victory  over  the  forces  of  SioUandl    ThS  to 
be  sure  was  in  an  age  of  rudeness.    But  at  a  lateripWhUt 
^^:ii!**"'*^*^^*'^  States  of  Orteana,  in  Ft«ic«,durintthe 
n»iboi%   of  Charies  IX»  i^ir^ctioiMi  «f  jiikiie*  mA/of 
war,  UMiretefore  indfacriminatel|r  admiatster4  were  Ibr  tMf 
first  nine  formally  set  apart,  as  distinct  pro^ssions,  one  to' 
the  BaUlis<rf  the  long  robe,  theothe^  to  the  JBalllU tf  the 
short  robe.  •  ^  f ,"        ,» 


■s, 


92. 


# 


aoeoufitof  the  diacoveiy  and  improWmefit  of  .North 
Americt  dontfi  t©  the  period  wlien  Jie  appears  upon 
the  soe&e.  After  which  pcribd  t^  hia.  death,  his 
bio^phy  is  naturtiily  interwovbi  With  the  trans^. 
tions  of  the  revolution  which  hW  achievements  so 
largely  contributed  to  eflfect,  aiid  iir^  the  formation 
of  the  government  at  the  head  ofeiwhich  he  waa 
placed.  <-  r.i:.-.f>M-.  .:.  •■         ..  ■  .  ' '; ',    -y      *:.  '^ 

As  ^t  expcsMations  were  entertained  of  this  per- 
fonhanoe,  considerable  disappomtaient  has  l^een  ex. 
pressed  at  dome  ojT  its  alleged  defects :  particularly 
by  those  who,  vitiated  by  the  malevolent  system  of 
criticism  that  prevails  m  England  and  tfiis  pourttfy, 
are  never  satisfied  with  nature  and  plain  sense,  but 
incessantly  crave  tile  amazing  and  romantic.    The 
-  press  has  rendered  a  mod|ciiy^  of  Icaming^so  cheap 
and  attainable,  tiiat  in  tiie  subdivision  of  literaiy  oc- 
'    ^pations,  criticism  Mb  been  seised  upon  as  a  sepa* 
rateliandicraft,  whose  biiskfeiss'il  deems  to  be  to  di». 
sect  great  books  for  the  amuseihent  of  tbb^  who 
have  not  minds  to  embrace  thpm  enthr/  This  i;iew 
niystery  has  its  ittw  canons  and  models.     The  doc- 
trine of  i^ive  assimilaticui  w  proclaimed  through.  - 
dutthfere^irts  of  letted.    Eihty  book,  before  it  cv^ 
<niiUte8,  is  submitted  to  tiieoi^^    and  if  ittannot 
cnduwtliie  inofsel  of  execration,  its  Sale  is  preceded 
bj^'snitence  of  co^nbustionu    The  groundwo^  and 
sul^t«ice>i|f  literature  are  nd  loliger  to  be  regaided ; 
b\it  readeil*aiJB:teiigfatt6  rest  witii  festidiOus  mquiiy 
on  tiiie  sup^n^ltiife  and  dkdratio^^    Like  otiier 
things,  learning  seems  to  grow  weak  and  vitious  witK 
its  spread  and  refinement;  and  that  primeval  age  to 


} 


b6  Ktumingr,  when  history  wUl  be  unpalatable  uolea^ 

preserved  in  poetry,  ethics  in  apothegmt,  and  pMo. 

8ophy  m  fables.     In>.every  depaitmenl  rof  leftcis, 

standards^  crectt^  t©  which  iresh  publicatiMsare 

referred  for  their  estimate.    But  is  it  feir  to  condemn 

an  Amenqan  historian  to  oblivion,  because  he  is  less 

^tcrtaining  than  Hume  or  Gibbon,  or  an  epic'  poet, 

because  he  faUs  short  of  MUton  P—Extend  die  test. 

Compate  MarshaU  with  SmoUet,  Bissett  or  Fox,  aod 

Barlo^  with  the  raetremong«rs  of  the  day,  the  pre- 

sent  tnasters  of  the  song  i,^  England,  and  neither 

they  jior  their  country  need  fear  the  comparison. 

When  critics  caip  at  MarshaU's  history,  becaus^, . 
as  has  been  avenW,  it  moves  heavily  along  under  a 
load  of  provincial  documents,  a  propensityXto  conl 
demnation  must  pervert  their  faculties.      None  but  a 
tradmgcritic  qould  reprehendan  annaUst  for  givmg  de- 
tails  mstead  of  a  retrospect,  and  the  speeches  of  his 
personages  precisely  as  they  were  delivered,  instead 
of  cuttmg  them  down  to  his  own  condensation.    The 
greittend  of  historical  i^ng  rs  the  dissemination  of 
mowl  tnith:  subsidiarylfbt  siibordinate.  to  which 
purpose,  are  the  attributes  of  composition,  distribu- 
tion  and  reflections.     One  of  the  best  informed  of 
late  writers  has  ventured  to  assevt  thataiuiieiit  histoiy. 
fs  like  the  cabbage  as  Wg  as  a  hottse,.and  the  pot  as  ' 
big  as  kcl^,  that  wasmade  to  boU  thc^abbagt;.* 
Withouf^scribiiig  ^tbis  homely  sawasm,  whidi 
strikes  at  the  roc*  of  the  tree  of  itiudi ,  of  but^  most 
"sefbl  knowledge,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  iMsterv  / 


X. 


.*1 


?  Volt,  Es.  sur  le»  Maurs,  Disc.  P^eliin.  1^4. 


.  M         ) 


L 


r 


94 


:i     . 


both  ancient  and  modem,  is  too  ciften  and  palpably 

fabulbusj  and  %it  nunkind  are  of  laJKmore  tfaaii . 

ever  disposedto  postpone  authenticity  to  composition. 

The  pubUc  doci^^nents  of  which  the  American  chief 

juatice  had  Ae  disposition,  would  be  inestimable, 

even  if  arranged  by  infisrior  hands,  without  any  at-  ^" 

tempt  at  shaping  them  into  a  contacted  narrative. 

But  wrought,  as  they  have  been  J^y  him,  into  a  clear,- 

manly,  systematic  and  philosoplyi^  histonr;  without 

a  grain  of  merit  on  the  score  of^bmposition,  they 

would  outweigh  the  most  beautiful  composition  that 

ever  was  formed.    There  is  not  another  natiored  his- 

jtoiy  extant,  which  is  composed  entirely  of  authentic, 

public  materials,  by  a '  cotempQtary  and  a  partici- 
pator.  ,, 

'  Nor  is  the  composition  unworthy  of  the  subject 
The  commentaries  and  reflections  arc  simple,  natural 
and  just    The  style  and  language  plain,  rapid,  ner- 
vous, unsophisticated,  perhaps  too  bare  of  omament,    ' 
and  sometimes  liable  to  the  imputation'of  peculiarity; 
but  never  r^gfa,  irksome  or  inelegant '  The  poet 
and  the  orator  may  melt  in  i^flences  or  brisde  with 
antidieses.  But  the  liistorian  must  ^d  an  iron  pen, 
and^fharch  with  a  measured  fctep.    He  profanes  his 
iunction,  whenever  the  slightest  fictidh  colours  his 
descriptions,  or  wit  flaunts  in  liis  observations.    Fine 
writing,  says  Addison,  consists  m  the  ex^ssion  of 
sentiments,  Uiat  are  natural,  without  being  obvious : 
or  as  Boileau,  with  (if  possible)  stiU  greater  feUcity 
defines  it,  **  des  id6es  bien  6claircics  et  mise  dans  un 
bcau^our,"  wliich  m^y  be  translated,  a  pleasing  ejt- 

position  of  clear  ideas.    It  is  this  that  ponstitutes  the 
2        - 


{ 


«awihttmof  p^comporitkm;  riot  the  novelty 
Of  «he  KDUmenii^thc  «>lnhor  the  itwhJ  ™..h-^   • 

^^r^^l^rSL 'V*'  *«  b,.«y  rf'ityie.  .^  i,  .„. 
«l!t»ttc^^cM«comm«riatiDn.  themnof  hi* 

1  ftl!h7i:         *'*«'"■'*«*  •  con*U«fc)„  of  fcc 

"^  Jte  T««or»„  „ho  »cri&*.  hi,  ioqmria  .Ber 

6«.*>bdrnjA„phisperioda.orwho.^a.»rf,„„, 
-^  «Ae«ic  material..  ^.^^  ^^ 

«d.cton  rf  po^erity.    Gibhon  «rifa  ,h,Z.1^ 

««J  d»t  migh.  have  been  Voided,  b,  ^^„ 

M^.  Foxcall^^childi»h«Jmi«io„ofpri„jr: 
Th^mdeed  are  regal  banqueto.    ^ttt*e^fi«„' 

iniftdoDe  ftom  the  one,  and  poi,«,  fa  to  be  su.  - 

•^  mdwl  ^regent  u»  with  «t  occasional  appendix^  ■ 
d»qn»,t,«,  or  a  cabinet  ofhfatorical  curiE    ?^ 

^T^l  *^  "  Tlimas-a-Beckef,  pa,^^   ' 

^4..  American  hfatorian  had  neitB^3^    - 
nor  mjraclft  to  deal  with.    The  km«»  *..^^; 
a  neiv  worid  •  the  «ill^  ^*^  discovery  of 

qna ,  the  still  more  recent  strafes  of  an     - 


«r 


.^  *. 


*•■ 


^B 


:  •*' 


hiiant  peopfle^  to  shake  bff  the  ttrdhmels  of  eoloniza- 
tidh;  M^  evifchts,  of  little'eii^pt  moral  iriterestVpar- 
tkl,  pibcrastinatfid,  and  seldoin  signalized  M^mrfeit ; 
the  adjustment  bf/treatl^s  iuM  fiimation  of  republi- 
can ihstitutioris,  though^  Mghty  interesting  to  tik^l 
cbhtemplatidii,  aremuch  fe^malleabla  thftti  remote 
and  doubtful  trkditioiii^  of  astonishing  transactidns  into 
tiiat  maga's^iri^bf  enter^timeftt,  which  s^ms  to  be 
lobked  for  in^jt  modem  history.    But  whatever  the 
preset  age  may  desire,  ^cts  soon  become  tsuidy 
tntkt  important  than  dissertatbn ;  nor  can  moral  re- 
ad^' «ver  4)6!  &irly  taken,  unless  readers  may  impli- 
iMfMfmi^  truthT'^"^- details.  ■  *->^^«^*^^f- 
rsThe^^  riiifrativ«  bf  the '  Mt  ^of  Washington  might 
pierhkps1«Vei9J6«ft  enlivened  with  more  biographical 
and  chaiieterisd^' sketches.    But  it  must  be  remem- 
bered:^^ to  ^#  liv^>^bharacters  is  an  arduous 
and  invidious '  task.    And  when  the  whole  subject  ^ 
litdttd^iw  #6Hcbnsideredi  the  author  w^  be  found 
ctititled  to  blir  api^tiobation  for  the  ctfution  he  has  ex- 
ercised in  thi^  particular.    As  to  Washingttm  him- 
self, the^imiforhiify  of  his  life,  and  taciturn!^  of  his 
naturb  pi^clu^^fed  atiy  sufficient  funds  for  thk  minor 
scene :  dibUgh'  I  cannot  refltmn  frbm  observing  tl^t 
hk  unaffected  and  warm  piety,  his  belief  in  the  ehris- 
tiut  religion,   aiid"  exemplary  discharge  of  all  its 
publib^d  priv^e  duties,  might  have  been  enlarged 
upon  with  more  emphasis  and  advantage. 

At  aich  a  period  as  the  present,  when  the  press, 
instead  of  enlightening  the*  community,  is  converted 
into  ar  most  ]^owerful  engine  of  falsehood,  proscrip- 


twu  aiid^^confuttflB^  whctt  letters  at^  perverted  to  tibe 
KM)ft4tiicacherQu».aiid  unworthy  purppses,  when  hi»^ 
*aoi»^  state  p^ec8»  pi^c  records  and  official  com- 
mumcationa  are  n^H&ded,  suppressed  or  published, 
asit  suits  the  object  of  the  moment,  to  distort  or  dis- 
guise,  and  not  to  make  known  &ct8 ;  and  when  es- 
pecially a  usurpation  of  hypercriticism  is  subsisting 
PR  Ihe  excoriation  of  literature,,  it  behoves  eveiy 
American,  who  admires  the  Jji^ 
It  bebov«»  indeed  every  nHmJ^holovea  trudi,'^ 
ui>hold  «o  authentic  national  woikk  Uke/a^l^pbaU'# 
^gapit  its^malipMni  enemiea  and^ukcwaia^^^^^iidp 
and  ti^^erishk  aaa  performance  whp8(&  ^ject  and- 
«|JJ»en|i^  alone.,iiH^^  ^^^. 

will^preserve and^mag^  k fo^ ,^,^^ ,^.  :^^^^^^. 


•h<-'s-A#^:#%%i%:  ;j;s^.>   ■»^.^-j,^p^>^.  j*-:,jf,^ 


\      .4 


A<' 


ife^eM^t^aracteristics^  llp^  people,  it 

#88  ii#in3r  intention  tovfiii  tts^arMe  accolmt  of 
^St^i  but  rather  that  you  should  (;l«i^  these  parti« 
culttv  AKim^commuiiicsitioiift  g^ioMylih^ 
poUicUus,    As,  however,  you  enjomitll  willcheer- 
fi%  endeavour,  from  the  scanty  mater^  and  little 
timie  ,1  can  commaiidi  to  sketch  their  character ;  pie- 
mislng  that  I  enter  on  the  sulijeot  with  tiiofe  than  or^ 
^wrf  daidencc^^  from  the  assurance  I  feel  of  its  inJ 
ttal6  imficulty,  atid  the  many  prejudices  I  know! 
I  must  encounter.    To  be  as  per^icuou8|aspos^ble, 
I  $haU  puisue  the  inquiiy  und^  4ie  se^mte  conn- 
derations  of;    1.   Tlieir  origin  moA  popt^Oadon ;  2. 
Their  provmcial  diversitiea;  3.  Their  natural  and 
political  association ;  A,  Its  moml  results ;  1  and,  hut> 
]y,  their  reaopces  and  prospects.  ; 


"""N. 


x^. 


^  I.  Histoiy  iJbidB  no  instanoe  of  a  tiition  fonnei 
onip»tt%  on  audi  piaoiples»  or  of  Mcfa  materifilp^ 
••^thqAji^Bjp^  ofBliioii,  iat  Awe 

■Mtei«|y*ii(jpg^  iqwck».r?.inigBbciiidj^ 

inendioMliii  Mi|iiiivicte,  But  t^  &ct  i%  that  tb^ 
iuM  wtllin  imctiiioa%  6£  iiei^it^  fiumli»  and 
CNd^chaiacter,  it^  <;aiae  to  ^ntrica  under  tjbe  au^ 
apiots  df  ioteDigei^  ai4^^^^t^^  individuals, 

indielaogoag^oiliiil^ijiljb  t^c^  «  brmbg  the  dan* 
gers  Of  ijMWpiriipad  aeaa,'' >  an  honourable  aodW 
<!^^imimm^0^  the  gitJrt  cttii^rtti 

^  Sriie  ipi^ewua:^^  m^ions  are  paniaixlii^t 
but'^m^  fiim^plesli  «iM|:n»ignition»  Ittveauccindifi^ 
IfeaiU^^iA^mmmiyMMtKfG  ipccka  on  i|i^«v^ 
«ii^»»rtMNltilftrtf  arc  le#  people,  if  at^,  iHmhc 
^e>cctiMiii|ii^nlterrt«^  fiponti  tbdr  prisieval  abcca^ 

"'»  After 'th»  l»t*t«  ^S«^^f '--^ '^f  ■^®^|'^'*^ 

Alter  tne  iMttle  Mhr  Worcester,  ilere  Charfes  I.  ill 
f^**i^.!^?^?  i^  ^otch  Mid  lehttfch,  irtib  weW 

^iiiint^%'  Loi^oAlf  th*re Mid  as  sUitm, 
iMNto  tbft,Aiiteikaii  filuitattolil' 

,,.., ,.,  ttlip.«^^Ntiil|i tirKfitpHtted  ig99^ 

'fp'^Mm^^f^l^^-md  society,  w  sf v 

«»  not  to  be  Counted  toCmouS)  a»i 

tbeorigiMl  Old  m*a»ttm>^mtitfUikolth»Amtti6mk 
sutes.  It  IS  indeed  of  very  Uttle  coMe^Qce  to  the  presenf 
t^ W  «^  *Ws  ^^o«ntt^^  t^  scKOern  of  it  w<tfe  nro 
J«?»f»«/Wt  B9^  Bm  if  tl^  pojnt  were  weith  »  bquir^ 
tt  "sOght  be  ehewi^  that  4tti  igh^  ii^i^dan  Is  «•  emmeoHs  «• 
It  is  absurd. 


-1^. 


^100 

tors^  WitbpuUxtending  our  viewtoAswo^  Africa, 
i»*ere>theiranpestiy  is.much  purcrthM 
aUght:exainiiiajK»,  MMm^pem  .pi«tcn8iDii».to^. 
ginal iwtion^ty.inB  8^  how  littlrthere 

Mto  boast  rit    TMbwbftiian  aboi^mes  ofr mort 
European  countricsi  ham  bcea  mixed  witli  Roman 
conquciiorB,  and  thus  bUadcd,  fecdvedt^ 
aoiy  accesMons  of  northern  •avagesi'iriio,  at  later  |i^ 
nods,  overrannearly  aU  the^contiiient.    Thfe^andent 
Romans,  a  highl}r  national,  wtKw^  an  origiiml  p^ 
pte,  but  a.  bond  of  freebooters,  whose  first  national 
act.  was  forcibly  uniting  thehuMves  w^^femign 
women,  and  who,  durii^  the  fiwt  centuries  of  tfusit 
existence,  were  almost  perpetui%^«iijiloyed  fai^tfte 
subjugation  of  foreign  nations,  that«wWe«ucccSsivteIy 
embodied  witii  die  Roman  empire. '^iWfodera  Europe 
is  composed  of  mixed  nati6ns,  whose  broaden  di^ 
^tions,havc  appeared  since  thefe  resurrection  Ihmt 
the.  darkness  <rf,  the  middle  ages,  and  are  ascribabte 
mor^  to  the  influence  of  laws*  thantothe  diflference 
flf  climate  or  natural  CQnstitutii»i,«i^^p^^s#^i^fc' 
The  white  pcpjlatipn  Gi,.;^ofi^Lj^ic^^^ 
European  cxiiaction,  witii  scsai*e%i^*By  adm^^ 
w^th  tiie  Indian  ia)originc&  Atflcast' ^le.fourtiisttf 
tiiepeoplc  of  Ae  United  SlwwdMvt  their  desc^ 
and  national  ^pathies,  through  a  tmditionvaiying 
from  one  to  twrf  centuries,  fix»m  neither  conqueri«, 
cojpmzation,.  adventuiwB^i^,  «^^ 


'V  The  origin  of  iMitiwMi  is  buried  in  feMe.    Fttln*  laifi^ 
tj««^the  genelogy  of  the  Americans,  wme  of  them,  to  the 


".■^"^-.f^'l^n 


«ei»i  «0  i«pi»ttlilef  ti&i^^  ^ 

to^iwimlation^TO  broadly  iMd 
wts-of  virtues  independence  and  toleration.  Nor 
wwte  the  Aanerican  provinces  propcrfy  colonics, 
though  they  yidded  obediena;  to  the  mother  coun- 
tries,  l^govermnentsof  fiofopeatfirstii^res^ 
^cmaebcs  very  Ktdc  in  thw  settlement  or  success. 
Ilie^ett^est  atid  most  important  settlements  were 
achieved,  iidt  by  individual  adventurer,  or  indivi- 
dual fiunilie^  but  by  the  united  enteiprise  ofsects 
aodcongregations,  actaated  by  motives  of  piety  tod 
freedom,   associated    by  common   sentiments  and 

c6mmon  haiddups;  and  it  was  not  till  these  attempts 
were  in  a  pro^ixms  train,  that  mother  countries,  as 
ttHgr  entitled  Aemaelvej^  assumed  any  active  juris- 
^tion^over  tifem.  Hfc  tmmi  section  of  North 
Ametwa.  caBed  New  England,  was  origiM 

«j4*%^Engyah  puritans,  the  companions  of  Crom- 
wel^fifazlcfiyi  and  Hampden,  who  were  them- 
selves viihibked  from  a  similar  design,  after  every 
'  Sr"l^°^  ^*^^°'"P^^*^  for  carrying  it  into  efiect.* 
22*f%#**^  <*^  Carolina  was  eflwited  by  Freiteh 
««ga«iifl*gflho»  ewiigration  was  promoted  ahd  na 
^'^^^^^^'^  The  foHowers  of  Ptmi  ^ 
*^*^  '''im  "  P«c«aWy  of  Pcnn^lvatiia,  about 

^^\r^  *»-«»««'•  '0/.  2.  Sob^t,.  ^nitr.  vol.  4.  r.  10. 
«  H  matter  <,f  cunpiis  speculation  what  might  haye  been  the 
conjequencej,  both  in  Engtand  and  America,  if  uie  restie., 
^^i^::^  h«I1^  expelled  Un.  the  tl^t,^ 
^dw«#,iltoi^rde  opei*t#d  iuch  aslonishing  effects,  and 
uirfettered  on  the  desert  shores  of  America. 
.^  5Rttyn,fi,9%. 


,  '*'--iSi| 


ma 

*the  same  time^«i«)iiiniare!aiid  hiapenecuted  fa. 
giisli  aad  Id^  G«fli6fic  atsociBtes  were  Mtted  k 
MaiylancL    lEltoite  Expeditions  were  composed  ^^^^ 
pUgiiiiis,   fiYJiti  diabeBt  coantries  and  of  vaiicms 
creeds;:  but  aUchnstittiiilttii^^         Byingiroai 
peneciitibn>  iad  oaBdiitM!dbyfeadef8eitet%lt* 
ted  to  be  the  ft^ndets  of  iiew  e6iFfi«i^v1|^^y|i^ 
the   Goloninitiioa  «f  "^Vif^ia  muiter  Rale%b,  tA 
mart  numerous  white  im^njtlofs  of  fhe'^AiMricaii 
aoU  were  religious  e«U^  £hom  whom  die  gktirt^ 
part  of  die  present  race  me  sprung^    If,  t^ii^lg^ 
piosed,  an  aiustrioua  national  ancestiy  be  dT  si^ii 
feet  in  IbrmiAgittid  invigorating  a 
the  orig^  of  thfenatkft'wasaot 
The  most  iittractabl%|i|ii^(|||hat 
antic  devotion  to  oertaiii^'piiiilfcii^csi  lll'^KBBIIii'l«m 
poaticB,  whidiexpelMfiiaFml*^ 
of  itsinost  useful  irfia^itiiii^  whicA  «hroluti<^iedi 
England,  and  iinpressed  upgi|^||^;||£^i||lil  all  ^^u^ 
getic  spirit  of  freedom  Bild  ^IB6ttl#(^l^^Kij^  i^.' 
venture,  d»t  laid  die  g^S^odi^  of  at  its  subsil 
quent  greatness,  801^  vpjp  1^  art  unrnvilixed  hc^ 
sphere,  where  its  ardciM^^iirhi&eito  met  wWiiw* 
obstacle  ^i«  could  vm$m^^l^m^  ^\m\mRM 
lated  but  Hiot  <iiniini8hfid%Ag|^  jg,,^^ 
ikfused  the  fanatical  mofal^  flMi  ^lous  repi% 
licanism,  and  the  general  ei^usiasm,  fetwfai^i 
think,  the  Americans  are  remariti^le.  ill 

From  this  origm  the  ai^gmentation  has  been  ^ 
digious  r  so  much  so,  as  to  confound  die  cafeulatioiis 
of  those  who  did  not- make  allowance  fbr  the  exthi- 
ordinary  circumstances  of  die  counfay,  but  chose  to 


t~'^X^-Y^^^,"r^rf^'  "■■T^T '.'■~"* 


'^■■: 


1Q3 


r' 


^  i^3^  die  ordinan^  jupd  estabUahcd  nika  of  poUacal 
ariOwMstic  to  detixmiQe  tbe  inci«we  «Ca  countiy  not 
H!»Wa  their  pr»<aplt!ik!^  An  exubentnt  «nd  inex- 
haustible tewtaj,  h^ia%  occupation  and  tempe- 
late  Uvea  have  impeUed  population  at  an  incredible 
late,  notfrithstaodiqg  the  devastations  oC  pestilence, 
ihichacemstoheincidcataltoanewcbuntiy.  Whci^ 
•atuie  is  bountiful  of  the  inducements  to  roairlagc, 
the  increase  wiU  be  great,  even  in  spite  of  ti>e  wai^ 
and  follies  of  man.t  And  where  subsistj^tce  is  scaw, 
itxis  to  little  purpose  to  legislate  for  a  census.  S'hc 
spring  of  population  lies  beyond  tfie  reach  of  uoUti- 

<^f«n^  can  neitficr  be  relaxed  materially  by  ware, 
nor  fop:cd  by  artiacial  bounties.  In  some  parts  of 
Europe  two  children  are  reckoned  from,  ^  mairiage. 
In  England  it  is  said  there  are  four. 

In  tiie  United  Stales  tile  average  is  nearfy  wt-l  So 
kjpjg;  as  tiie  9(Hl  can  bear  a  l^i^ge  multipUcation,  tiie 
momcn^  will  increase.  1  hi^ve  no  data  by  which 
*^  **?^?M*^  American  censps  at;  an  early  period. 
3ut  Dr,  Franklin,  who  was^tentivc  to  statistical  in- 
fi»«^  estimafied  it,  «i  *;r5?,  «^  Utde  more  than  one 

ntiffion.^  The  augmentation  varies  ill  different  irfaces, 
h«t^»leeiiefal  average  is  double  in  about  twenty 

•  ^"^'fnfi. inJinut.  vot,  I.  fi.m,  H0yn.  vS!  6.  /i.  351. 
5^'fc^i    ?  »»«"»"«  of  ten  miltions  as  the  ne  filu,  ultra  of 
J«;«^^Ato«^      lK>ttol«bn,  is  almbst  attained  already,  and^ 
wiH  doiibtH»s  be  exdieded  btlbfe  the  year  1816, 


imr^^KvU.  l.fi.  373.     modg.Eccn.  73.     MaUh.  *.  J.  >. 

h  TT  '^"  r^"^'''°"  °^  ^'^  ^°5'«^  ''^  21,200  in  1643, 
and  half  a  million  in  1760. 


B(.' '  J^ 


104 

years.    Allowing  betu^n  one  and  two  millions  fifty 
years  ago»  and  between  seven  and  eight  millions  now, 
Ac  Wtural  duplications  yield  about  that  amount; 
whi^h proves  thatthe  aecessions{h)m  foreign  countries 
by  no  means  so  conuderable  as  b  generaHy  inui« 
But  of  this  there  are  still  more  decisive  proofs. 
Kt  has  been  ascertained  by  actual  enumeration*  that 
the  importations  of  foreigners  for  ten  years  preceding 
1805  did  not  exceed  four  thousand.     Many  of  these 
are  certamly  the  refuse  of  Irish,  German  and  English 
populate,  who  have  mostly  taken  up  their  residence  in 
the  cjities  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  tlie  continent.  But  the 
interhii;,  especially  the  nejv  lands,  is  princigdly  setfled 
by  native  Americans,  the  course  of  whose  migration 
is  from  east  to  west.    In  .and  about  the  towm  on  the 
seabord,  in  the  middle  and  southern  states,  there  are 
many  emigrants  from  Europe,  some  of  whom  are 
ignoraiit  and  turbufent ;  but  their  proportion  in  the* 
community  b  not  considerable,  and  the  inhabitants 
of  New  England  universally,  with  the  yeonfinry  in 
general,  throughout  the  United  Statejs,  are  natives. 

2.  In  point  of  cirighi  the  people  o^thb  country  are 
less  homogeneous  than  many  pdieit.  But  the  |Mi^ 
mary  causes  of  their  migration  iuthel-  were  the  same ; 
the  liberality  of  their  ins^tutions,  t^eir  mtelligencc 
and  common  interests,  together  with  external  pres- 
sure, have  tended  to  approximate  thepi ;  and  though- 
so  small  a  population  is  scattered  overl  so  extensive  a 
territory,  including  many  varieties  of  climate, ,  their 
provincial  diversities  are  fewer  and  le^^trikiog,  than 
might  be  expected.  About  nine  tenths  speak  pie- 
■    ^■'  \     . 

*  Blodg,  Eton.  ,75.  '  \ 


■sm.-. 


m 


cbky  the  ;8MBe  language,  whkl|!|g  t^national  wuiy 
probaWy  not  to  brfound,  wkhout^i^ 
^^W*ict,  amotigAe8amenumbtr,.8tt.|i|gdytoiB«d, 
inanyothwip^  woM.    fPi^^Omm^i$ 

Aeon^^tdrigue  spoken,  thstfonnsiteHKB^c^U^liD 

^gi^d;iml  unless  som»  unforaa^ 
«^kthe  i^iogiress  of  natiHil  increase,  it  is^fro^bto, 
tJweM  oi»  centuiy ,  tl|tre  intt  Iic  one  hiuMj«d  fl^^ 
of  peopte  in  Anierica^  i6>ivdkM»»aie  fin^ashMhi^ 

hiitA  niiritv    will  lww..^«-„,»^i--.x,    .   r.  ..        t ^TTT^ 


'  ^^^^i**  "•  preserved  to  tUl  aif:'' A  PtrisiwT  cJm- 

WM^   lit  Qrett  Britnn,  wlMi«i  from  tli«  iiftimuctiplioii 
of  f&e'iMh-itoty,  tlw^iteinitf  isj|iwti%'wm«clariili,.t||«  ;liili^ 

Sk  Weldun^n,  a  Scotsman  andm  Ij^injui  irer^  caat  togedier 
i«Mii  ft  desert  island,  they  mii*tii*it  tiitt  ftir  »  ifi^iib 
C^lMiiiiutticatioii.  '  ^'rtaioktfm^msm^l^jf^  ■ 
t^'  tia%ll«ii  of  the  British/  eitli^    la rAtteri«i^|i|||^l^ 

^  the  omtj^  1^4. 1^  iiu^^  meUomiest,  in  H%  iMOth|  ho^ 
no  <^il^  or  po[4tive  variatioD.  The  Prince  0^l^^#t^ 
(^.  TaUejrrai]^  in  Ids  Mem#^^^e  X7hitei^  Sfil^^ 
bietfor*  the  Ni^lMitt  Ifi|»iihite'1ii^^^:i^  5,  deefiii«s  identi^ 
of  laogttige  q^lfr^  gililfi^  Vmaai  «^t 

^amoBgmeq.    'M'^rif-^^-^^fyiA:  ,   ,.  'jj.^^^.^   •  ,,_ 

mt  f<^,th«fuia4f«i^jof,t|M  fulness  ^a^^^  tp^c^  of^^  j;a^ 
gUA  lang^iage,  it  maj  be  consolatory  to  reject,  t^'^rliae 
Fieooli  arioa  md/^tmi^kmwm  ^«r»  ftrviuliiiK  eirfiir 
^tioii<«^  Edr^flv,  to  such  aa  oKteotr  as  to  threaten  thf  oPS 
tinctlob  i>f  the  English,  there  is  on  tbj^m^  the^AOpw^iff^ 


it.'itJi  ..^^  ^  V^jJj 


SJ'' 


UQ6  ^ 

»iwi»^.  I^e  vOKibitMiti  of  tjijt  4iffrept;  9t|ik9,  while 
w^'^ftWdc.  inLi»iw5|pj#;:  m^M.  A  from  pjl^- 

^^^'.waAmirk  btitdcles,  kiggmml^iim *^y the 
Je^Qjk  iirflufiaco.of  siibo;pdte^ 
which  the  southern  Amerioaos  ioAJgfr  their  couMto 
M^  "»dolieace.    A  trkisposition  of  laboui'  upon 

imm'h^m^  i^b^m^  ^y^m  and  ^ha^im  '^fij^ 

4<iw  ii0tM»i|r,  be  vnllabiisehU'tiii»e,^Jb»iilljeii^ 
ttlitat<#ifc|to  AJexiinda'  die  Great  aay  t§lii|  >vt>h^ 
^pus'6ffice6f^^thd»3itejg  is  spxpval  as  to  Wo^;#|^ 

^^  "-^i|j^«Vhcrethei»k»^i^ 

f^^^v^ii&^d  tli^€iifc3|iya^  ^tbo^  whii^a^e ifi^l;: 

^.by  ir  ijic  mpft  proiMliirid;j^^ 

#Plti  l^?«#¥^|to,thcpi'i^ 

blit.;i  Juod  of  ^,and  v^ninii^i^Msfi^i^^ 

that^ws^m,  as  in  countries  where  %|s.a/eo«iBoi&^ 

"%^^^  hroad  and  gcBcralasthe  aiiV  toa^^^^ 


Etiro^  ywrtt ^AiiiT. limoi»>UM Englkh ^^b€^kia;li^ 


'>!iii 


I  .^,« 


,'■>.. 


id7 


.t 


-toy,  #iihgipeatmiaeiy^^ 

th^m,  like  so&ething  Oiat  is  more  noble  and  fibemi, 

Thfepeople  <)f'^6  touthcrtiT^kmies  aie  mtich  ita^ 

afttMi^lf ,  «ifl  #itfh  a  higlita*  aiid  more  Mtibbiim  ijil- 

rit^^«ttl«h^  lalili<tiiy  a^  thftsc ^f  the  iiooiKWl. 

8ttdi^^#€h;  aH  the  aiideht  ^oftlfcibnw^rii^    ahdfiOcb 

#in  be  the  yiHs^rt  of  alaV<^  tdio  at«  noi  M^ 

Acmadvfek    lit  ^jftli  a  j^ed|^  th6  han^tin^iJgr 

l^ftiwloti  coihbitt^  Wltlv  tiwi^apl^tf  trf  fi«^fi^ 

fi^^iiPiti  «nd  l^ndtirs  1^  f  fint  ^  t^ 

laxiw  the  sinews  olF  industry,  comipts'die  liiBridi,  aiift 

d*«Jdift  tfl^idration.    :Fsai6w  tatidi,  'm  ^ht-Mkr 

i^sefeioh'  c»f  :a  ftWiK  opdi«t  ticli^i 

fcim  opedkQFS^Iiyi^dal^^^j^^         meiiiaL-tfie 

agricultnha,  BMm^in^m^^^^ 

l^jHuttrtWdedbondsnij^V^^^^  iWibft^ 

mg^tp,  mm^rc^^tr  ^  vmvoTthy  emplbymS; 
CQttslshed  to  atraDgei%  liigefortunes^and  eacp^asim 
esmiSDmeiit^^are  some  of  tne  disadvantageous  peaii! 
'P*!^',  *5f  .%*i?^  *^  sbuthem  are  distinguished  ft^ 
%^i^  ^?v  Equality  of  jwssessKii^'gqieiia' 
inCpnp^ori,  simplicity  of  manners,  sagacity^  iftd^ 
tiyj  frosty,  cntj^nsei  a  rigorous  observance  p 
Prestiyterian  i^  tj^rli^rvading  ti^^ 
ritanicaJtradition,  are  prominent  features  of  thelatterr^ 
features,  Whicit  MtVe^'txpanded  with  dieir  growh,  but 
jetain  an  the  »n|rtt«i  c!ham«fer  <jf  thfeir  original  d^s*. 

•  3urke\  ^fii'eeh  oH  conciHaHon  with  AmeHctf.    See'to^^ 
same  effect,  AfofirM?.  Grand,  et  De(ad,  des  Bom.  c.  13.  fi.  147. 


1^ 


^ 


trtijii/irifiYirniiwflia  III  lien  .iWjBfi 


Ida 

1>e  raemblance  to  Ehgbnd  isflbxmneit  in  the  ttMt, 
aiid  Wkatt  jfroc^edin^  at^,  tiU  it  tptnUy  jjm- 

>Tbe' division,  ohareeteristie  tnd;UeptHaiiiI,^iqto 
whiphthe  Ameri^uuid  themselves  have  s^arated  their 
countiy  b  thatof  the  southern,  northern  or nuddk;, 
atHl  eiMtem  steins.  The  wester^  or  th^  aeparatf^ 
by  the  great  interseqting  rulge  ofniountains,  ^nun  the' 
iMIandc  Btatirs;  it  a  nstund  allotment,  scarcdy  ycjt 
aokrfowledged,  iBjfchibiting  no  moral  varieties  from  tln^ 
Others;  jtfnd  formed  by  migrations  from  the  cast ^ 
ii»  Atlantic  sid^i-  ,:jfn^^  Immi  %  ^h^ig^^ilt  :^, 
I  iHThe  eastern  and  BOiidiem  sections  of  th6«iiniofi.aie 
ihhiibiled  clMy  bf  natives.    The  popiUatioii<tf^  4^ 

/•^The  Inhabit  ^ilW  Et^Ead^d'lu^  io  ib^JoOihtAnmi 
cant^wlutthe  S^otphTM^'tothi  EngHth,'«a(|  wMW  slllii^ 
pe^of  the  Roman  em(rire>  the  Greek*  wer^  to  the  Jlbin«M|^ 
their  populaUon,  bcip]|  fu^l,  they  leaTe  hotee  poor  but  irSf 
instructed,  shrewd  and  inde0i£%d)le,^^^a^  in  almost  ilv^ 
<|u^er  of  th6  ul^n  fillb)C^4(i'foi  the  atbumiient  of  «Mi^f 
the '  moat  lacVaUVeandinfliientiia  sittiaHol^  Tliisy  ip^'tlie 
same  thing  does  in  En^d,  and  did  in-lbme,  ejidusa, 
jealousy  on  the  part  of  the  other  Ameriojins.*  Oqo  of  JutjB' 
nal'a  mo^  anijnated  satiras  is  addresstd  to^ 
«iibject.'  Jiut  ihe  compjibtt  itaelf  is  Sfu  aclino 

s^ipenor  adroihiess  of  Im  Gr^ekV.  ^^^'^  '  J[ 

^   Ingehium  velojc,  audacUil  perdltl^  '^Sfe* '^'"^  y^-^fti^i 
l^rMBptus,  et  Isae  torrentior,  ede,  qiila  ilWiii  f    '  ^-^ 
lElsse  putes  ?  quemn^  hominem'  secumattuUt'iuI  n^s,!;-' 
Q|ammaticus,  ilietor,  geometres,  pictpr,  aliptes, '      .,^  / 
r«.scho|riQbates,  medicos,  ntagus  omnia  novit.       •' 
iuliis  ^mcns  in  ccelum,  jusseris,  &  '      J^  ''*^ ' 
>d  lumm^j^ifMaurus  erat,'  neque  Sarnaataneqi^e  Thn(x 

;ui  sUmsitpennas,  mediisaednatusAthemsi     ^         ',  *^ 

"     Juv.  Sat.  3.  V.  72.  ' 


,«»* 


-vi^ 


mon 

. '■?'•..  if, 

>.^^ 

of«q 
purai; 

when 

states 
stronj 
th«  i^ 
de»  I 
their 
niootl 
Butii 

existc 

the  si 


i  ■ 


\ 


.  / 


fj^ 


y» 


0.. 


'<# 


certain  degree  of  tl^  properties  of  tint  e«it  and  dOMth, 
^blfllpded  in  different  proportions  with  iti  own.  l^ss 
^^'^  19:  or  fierce  than  those  of  the  tou^  leas  botpi- 
■0^  vfmj:.,  or  attiiable  thdn  either ;  without  the  romantic 
Ittaltoide,  the  lofty  prejiH^ces  and  haughty  i«cpub^ 
eamsm  of  the.  southern  rgentferiH^  or^  iavine^le 
enterpriae  of  the  eastern  pe<^,  without  that  Ixddiiess 
of  chtracteristic,  and  im^elciate  provincifdiam,  thit 
are  displayed  in  both }«  but  richer,  less  prejudiced^ 
molt  „cQiitentcd[»  luid  mcn«  thriving  in :  populatiop^ 
agiicultttre,^  commerce,  mawif«cturea  and  resource^^ 
•than  either;  their  capitals  being ,tbe  emporia. qf  the 
continent,  the.  seirt  of  its  empire  and  its  ar^  die  in- 
habitants of  what  are  called  tjlie  middle  stsjtesdifier 
more  from  each  other,  and  leas  ^m  those  of  the , 

^^,t*  Wkhout  «feii  tx^^n,  the  English,  the  eastern  and 
ioi^liem  inhabitanti  of  ihe  united  States  are  the  most  roving 
of  v^cltfilised  people,    "fhey  liriutld^  lii 

puraiatfof  edut^tion,  tMe,  *09^|leagw«,  m^  grfegariotis 
vhea  tbroad,  an^  gencTa%  dedrovs  of .  ret«liiia|^.  Patriot- 
Ism,  M  a  liRNid  attachno^ent  distinguuh^d  froiA  piOTincialisin, 
pcetails  as  much  in  the  middle,  as  in  the  southern  or  eastern 
States..  But  the  latter  are  mori»  national.  They  have  eadi  a 
stronger  unity  of  characteristic  '  The  feelings  expressed  in 
the  remiiiite§iur  Argot  ot  the'^ilda  pott)  Mid  In  the  i7iM2 
df«  TacAM  otthe  ttMBi^r^  Siriis^  %fd^  1^^  hx^anted  in 
their  biieaMa..  The  Prince  of  Be^evento  express^  his  opi- 
monthat  the  occupftion  of  fishing  weakeiis  die  lore  of  country. 
Bujt  ili  tibe  pe(^le,  ^f  New  England,  who  are  mostly  fishermen, 
^Iwm  Jlrissot  stjrles  ckIox  ir^e^^mti^ii^^ 
one  oflBurke'smoBt  splendM  flights  is  bestowed,  a  pei)>eteal 
existence  at  sea  ia  associated  with  an  invincible  attachment  to 
the  shores  of  their  nativity. 


+ 


»  \  ■ 
\ 


i^Cjj^  %  k-A^^     -"  -•       Tf^V^'^L  ^sAaA- 


.  ^^^ 


^ 


I  ' 


3rv 


'v  ' 


im,^^M^.'0^ 


^^ 

few*^ «i^  irtiMliir ttttreettn  the «flr ^f  life# 

aaa  AteiteIitM«aterM5wd»  hdmst,  festiiradi  i^ 
where  the  ame  «  brave  sphit,"  pemdmg  the  wh^ 
n^|»fic^  arid  bmaing  it  togeliiirls^  -^I^Si^^ 
ndt^tes  powerful,  because  Wcilient  is  prtmaje^ 
by^  i»mma»ing^trariet3v  ;  Oie  Ayiciican  pe<M^ 

a^fr«ii#«f  4^Hte^6M  gteatricss,  to  who^m 

^#^  ^  I#6««*^^iin  ea^ 
Mjr^tiar  government  to  their  circumstances,  follbw- 
ed  the  manifc8t<j?5det  of  nature,  when  they  adopted 
a'ih«,  iiq>ubUcia#:*s^ineroial  federation  .  ^  ,  ,    ^ 
^l^eotirae  and  cotestrophc  ofthc  French  i^vtAii* 
*^|^;^^  g»oomov«S-  repuWicanistti,  wh^' 
pq^ps  k  may  never  8h|ke  off;  and  which,  it  least 
%  Ihc  i»rep|ij,,jcod«s4^  in  Europe  lepuisive  and 


v^ 


:^M 


discwdkaWci    But  the  AawerUaiti  repubiio.  i»  tki 
mtural  fajitof  the  AmjEarican  ^il:  the  sjwit  gf  ^ 

fi^ua  qth^y.  Itij  in  ViOni  tOJUIftiypl,  md^br 
surd  tof dcswc^  the^  ^^^ 
poli^  aip«  |;eiiei^  melfiqatMiR  «|,ib©  tet-of -nstions. 
WOTjp,iaiiae8i4J»t  are.biijreiid  Ok^  reiieh  of mjw, 
M^st^  Qoncor  la  Hs^estebUabmeiit;  9n4  theie  have 
bee^)  iew^countries  pcedispoBed,  aa  they  shouid  iM^ 
for  Ite^  iiccptiqau  The^^^i^  loaliicd  At  Jidul* 
teratlQir  t^  eoduied.duri^  thoieraofi  tbeircdw* 
monwe^th,  whenhypocridcalipwUnciai^fisn^^ 
naticatoi^and  overstiined^K^Qomj;,' wewrsubsj^^ 
for  1^  pneroMs  .W 

eimobkd  and  peip#iMUedksth©#  ancient,iicpuWi«|i 
Yet  shoit  a^  waa  ita,duilKto»j«iid  pervieriedaa  W)»ir 
ita  piiooqpks,  suth. M  ;Jhe : oatiiial  vigoi^  ic^  aj^ 
eoiiuii<mweaHh,that  the  Eog^  leoelved  ^in;^^ 
an  N>wJs«i^l|Mi  white  it  dark^^ 
mfll^Mcm^Mvpoxmf^j0^^^^^^  ,t  the  dpiec^ 
^J^'Jp^i^  ,8Mif?e  fi^^ 
nflif.f^if  i*»^;mi>n)B«wijt^8uited^^  fiwdom^ 
an^  whatever  Bwy  have  l?eea  the  e&qte 
hi^on  in  %)pfap^tl[]|f  abuses,  jind  'regenerating  their 
w^^mJ  ^n«»c»i5  i^  waa  not  ^  |;«c  ^wppoaed  Jwt  it 
republican  gpveninient  would  endun^  in  France.  The 
Fix^i^hadnot^ieiiwiDaJt^   J^  the  Ameriean 
federation  ia  the  »t«tuial  ©flaring  4  commerce  an^, 
libei^,  iwbope  oc^rdative  inteiesU  wi|l  bioG^  It  ^ 
gc*e^MIJiiBS^»  even  after  its  formal  dissolutions' 


been  framed  by  the  people  of  tMa  eountiy  it  is  not 


112 


.  m'^^i>: 


neccssaiy  hij^-  to  InquiBe,  or  wheditf  tbs  government 

be  calculated' fbt'.stiv^^ 

«Iate$;  as  nom^frganized,  tnajr  be  <Kmsolid|l(sJ^^4liil 

i6ciii^|||Q^li^&U  asunder^  ^m^mims^ 
tim0^ii»^t0^^1tt^  Ui.a  coimilsio^' 

But  it  is  tile  pej^tion  oifpGii^,^ 
natural  bases ;  and  a  di8Unioii4)f  the  American  ^ta|£ 
iviiatever  migltt  be  its  political  consequences, 
f|^^MM||r  or  inaieiiBtty  .xh^^  their  mutual 
"WW^pwtencei^  -atad.would-  not ;  probaWy  dWi^-:^-,^  ■  t 
#|^M|||(ttimiveiSalattadunent  * 

.^  The  emt>uey   in  point  of 
iW^^il.    itieeast  aI^i  |l^^ 

laioot^  IM^cii^^  oomi^^  ol 

rdflit#i|  ^|id»rtoaii|t^^  reck 

'ilili^ipip^  umon^-Se^ 

*mr  theori^iiy^wrfii^lp^ 

'  aPi^lederal'  f^uba^,  md^^i^k'^^^^aiit^  ^ 

miy  la'^^iM'p^  anxiet]^ :  H^p; 

iti»^th^  an  enfightened  and  predomioaiit  ;|Cfit^ 
sb^^  as  tl^Ose  of  Greece,  Carthage  and  Hcfilnfe,  is  die 
dl<^  |bticM']ilidn£^^     obiect  the  nMBd  fliD  con* 

lirnts  is  die  batdM  resuk  fiW  dieir  gl!o|p^iphicM^ 
and  ptjlidcad  combination.  It  b  ila(uMl^)6tit  a  peo. 
pki  deiKsieml^so  ktely  from  pilgrtittii^aBd  sectanesr 
tihdttid^  l^^criaw^iasts^-dwtjt  commercial  peo^ 


^ic^lle^Ppilf  ttiP^il^^ 


■/-• 


k    1        >  V  «  ^^V 


;  vS';*?*>'' 


lU 


\ 


ment 
The 

.  '.^■ 

SIOIU 


(On* 

^' 

ical 

lica 
iple 


^At^ 


lican  people,  whose  press  is  free,  and  whose  gpvmi- 
ment  is  a  government  of  laws  and  opinion,  shoild 
be  mtelligent  and  licentious— that  an  adolescent  aiid 
prosperous  people  should  be  aspiring,  warlike  ^ 
vainglorious.  This  b  not  the  character  the  Ameri-'^ 
cans  bear  in  Europe.  The  question  there  is  whether 
they  have  any  national  character  at  all ;  and  the  com- 
mon impression  is  that  they  have  not. 

There  is^  great  proneness  to  misrepresent  national 
character,  which  is  a  consideration  extremely  ob- 
scured  by  gross  prejudices.*    That  verisimilitude  of 

^  See  Hum^tSatay  on  Mttional  CAaraeter. 

Statesmen  have  studied  to  render  pattiotisni,  which  ought 

to  be  one  <tf  our  noblest  sentiments,  a  narrovr,  cowardly  and 
illiberal  prejudice.  What  has  it  been  but  a  blind  and  narrow 
principle  producing  in  every  countiy  a  contempt  of  other 
countries  ?    JOr.  Price**  Diaeoum  oti^Lave  iff  our  Country, 

H^t  are  the  characteriilic  traitA  of  modem  nations? 
"the  Gernians  are  a  people,  among  whom  the  profound  cor- 
rupdon  of  the  great  has  never  influenced  their  inferiors,  who 
love  their^  country,  notwithstanding  the  indifference  of  their 
masters—a  people,  among  whom  the  spirit  of  revolt  and 
fidelity,  of  independence  and  servility,  has  never  changed  since 
the  days  of  Tacitus.  The  Batavians  are  still  industrious, 
phlegmatic  and  rational.  Italy,  with  her  hundred  princes, 
and  magnificent  recollections,  is  still  the  contrast  of  obscure 
and  republican  Switzerland.  Spain,  separated  firom  other  na* 
tions,  exhituts  a  character  of  isolated  originality.  The  stag- 
nation of  manners  in  Spain  may  preserve  that  nation,  after 
all  other  Europeans^ahall  have  declined  in  corruption.       ^. 

"J^^Msi^rt  ht  tM  blood  of  Germany  and  blood  of  France, 
tMe  fitigtish  perpetually  display  their  twofold  origin  t  their 


r4»mi 


kiss  pompous  than  the  Catholic,  more  brUIiant  than  the  Ux' 

P 


#I*.>M, 


fUJ^       lA**'^ 


■^'f 


Hi 


habits,  maiuieiis  and  propensities,  iiidicative  of  the 
inhabitants  of  ancient  countries,  is  not  an  infallible 
Index  to  the  national  character :  there  are  vulgar  fea- 

thehui  J  theirmiUury  at  once  ponderous  6hd  active  j  their  lite- 
ratiire,  arts,  language,  features,  and  the  very  forms  of  their 
bodies,  partoke  of  the  two  sources  from  whence  the  na- 
tion proceeds.  To  the  simplicity,  calmness,  good  sense,  and 
slowness  of  the  Germans,  they  join  the  glare,  fury,  folly,  vi- 
Vacity  and  elegance  of  the  f'renth. 

The  Ettglish  excel  in  public  Spirit ;  the  French  in  national 
lionbur.  Eldest  sons  of  atitiqaity,  theFrfench,  llomans  in  genius, 
are  Greeks  in  character.    Restless  and  volatile  in  prosperity 
constant  and  invincible  in  adversity;  formed \fo^  all  artsj.  ci- 
vilised to  ^excess  darin|^  a  period  of  tranquillity ;  brutal  and 
savage  in  polid<;tal  troubles ;  floating,  like  vessels  without  bal- 
last, at  the  breath  of  passion,  now  in  the  clouds,  a  moment 
after  in  the  abyss;  enthusiasts  in  good  and  evil;  rendering 
the  one  withont   expecting  a  return,  and  perpetrating  the 
other  without  remorse;  forgetful  alike  of  their  crimes  and 
liieir  virtues;  pusillanimous  lovers  of  life  during  peace,  pro- 
digal of  it  in  battle ;  vain,  sarcastic,  and  ambitious ;  despising 
Whatever  is  not  theirs;  amiable  individuals ;  disagreeable  in 
txidies;  charmin|^  in  their  own  country ;  insupportable  else- 
where; by  turns  more  gfenUe  and  innocent  Uian  the  lan^ 
that  is  slaughtered,  more  remorseless  and  ferocious  than  the 
tiger  that  devours--such  formeriy  were  the  Athenians,  and 
such  now  are  the  French.  Chateaubriand  Gitiiejtu  Chrittianume-   > 

Jn  this  beautiful  {Hcture  we  perceive  to  be  sure  a  strong 
tinge  of  national  partiality;  but  we  perceive  also  Uie  touches 
of  a  master.  Some  of  the  features  of  the  French  have  been 
forced  forward  in  most  striking  lights,  by  the  late  revolu- 
tion :  mA  others  are  exacUy  true  to  the  life.  But  what  is 
prindpally  evident  throughout  Uie  whole  is  the  original  im- 
pMssimis,  which  ages  of  refinement  baye  not  Worn  away  or 


:.    '-.4ivM 


-ifi-' ;■':■'■••  -■",*'  ■ 


115 

tures,.,itriking.  but  deceptive.  -  Heroes,  poets  and 
lustorwn,  wifladapt  national gi^atness  to  a  poor  and 
enstevcd  people.  Peace,  plenty  and  a  certain  degree 
of  obscurity  render  a  people  happy ;  and  if  they  are 
^Piy,  they  will  commonly  be  virtuous.*    But  virtue 

_Amongthe  ancients  the  Greek,  are  a  more  eminenf peoplp 
than  their  conquerors  the  Romans,  who  did  not  achieve  their 

conquest  Ull  the  former  were  distracted  and  exhausted ;  and 
Who  even  then,  and  ever  after  continued  in  all  things  but  arms, 

he  imuato««,d  ahve.  of  the  G«jeks.  Theri  we«  compara" 
^  «««ore  fr«t  men  in  Greece  than  in  Roriie;  particularly 
^^»»S  the  penod.  of  their  decUne  reppectively.  WheJ 
G^ece  beg«i  to  totter,  a  sucpe,sion  of  heroes  appealed  to  her 
relief.    But  after  a  short  though  glorious  struggle,  Rome 

Iwch  iTTh.  **^*"^™^*«'«**«  <5recian  people  that  alLty 
■t-renoh  now  lay  plaim. 

i«l  ^'".tlT  '"^"^  «»  Volu«-.  logo,,  on  ft,.  .„b. 

Mcogmoo  Hfe.     Th.  numiera  of,  iMopIo  «.  not  to  bo 
fi»»d  »  *,  «h»U  of  homing,  o,  ^.'X.  of  ^.^ 

S^lrTT'  "^  »**»°I"'y-'  v«i«,:  .„  i.  p„w,J 

SC  «^  ^T^  J2L'  «""  "~  "  ■«*»" "  -'*" 

^rr!?'  7^'^^  *W*8:*««««"«»»  «"«' people, 
•iKlfiwntliemcoU.caT.ly  conrfd.«d  nut  th.  monureof 


* 


JfihtlA. 


sit.    ,'<-*£>,  li  *'      .  u. 


^i  ^S^f 


116 


.1^ 


and  happineisi  are  not  so  imposing  as  greatness,  in  the 
national,  or  in  the  individual  estimate.    The  same 
-principle  that  induces  a  preference  of  the  great  to  &e 
good,  l^ears  admuation  fh>m  the  wise  and  peaceafiHe 
commonivealth  to  the  belligerent  empiit.    We  prize 
ihili^  renown  beyond  civil  or  pacific  distinction, 
fbUovrtng  the  blaze  of  gloiy  rather  than  the  sober  light 
of  wisdom.    We  eulogize  fpr  its  national  character, 
a  warlike  empire,  composed  of  the  most  despicable 
materials,  with  no  common  spuit  but  implicit  obe- 
dience to  chiefs,  through  whose  merits  alone  it  is  emi- 
nent; and  deinythe  same  homage  to  a  country  com- 
posed of  a  vhtiious  and  intelligent  population,  go- 
verned by   one  common    sentiment  of  policy,"  but 
whose  policy  happens  toije  peace,    Ko  excellence  in 
Ae  arts,  no  morals,  no  refinement^  no  intelligence,  no 
literary  feme,  will  give  national  importance,  without 
an  ability  for  war,  and  a  high  martial  rank  among 
sovereign  states.    The  Chinese,  in  niMiy  respects  a 
tnse  and  original  people,  consistmg  of  three  hundred 
millions  of  souls  under  one  head,  are  demised  by 
the  pettiest  nation  in  Eurbpi;^'' The  l^wiss  and  the 
Dutch,  the  only  powers TbT  mod^rri  Europe  ttet  never 
wage  foreign  wars,  acquired  the  obly  national  reputa- 
tion  they  tver  enjoyed,  n<|t  by  apypecuUad^  of 

general  prosperity  betake,  Astbef  approach  to  delicacy  a  na- 
tion is  refined ;  at  tbeir  conveniencea  we  multiplied,  a  nation, 
at  least  a  commercial  nation,  lAust  be  denominated  wealthy. 
Tour  to  the  HeMde,,  fi.  32,  33.  To  the  meridian  of  what 
nation  in  Europe  is  Voltaire's  language  suitfUe  ?  Certainly 
not  to  that  of  the  gqr  and  uniaUe  people,  of  whom  he  was 


.,?%' 


.-.  y  'V' ..(^.■■■--•/;;;:^iJH«-it-y 


117 

manneijs,  or  wise  institutions,  but  by  their  capacity 
for  resistance  to  hostile  encroachment.    Reflecting 
men  ii^  Europe  regard  the  American  revolution  ^ 
a  period  when  the  American  character  shone  forth 
with  cc^nsiderable  distinction.    Yct'the  same  nation, 
in  part  the  same  men,  after  thuty  years  of  peace  and 
prosperity,  are  supposed  to  have  lost  the  energy  of 
patriotism  they  then  displayed.    An  expansbn  of 
population,  of  resources,  of  territory,  of  power^  of"  in- 
formatiicin,  of  freiedom,  of  evciy  thmg  that  tends  to 
magni^  man,  is  supposed  to  have  degenerated  the 
Americas.     Is  this  the  course  of  nature  ?  All  things 
are  said^o  tend  from  their  origin  to  a  certMrt  degree 
of  perfecktion,  and  thence  to  decline  and  dissolution. 
But  can  the  time  be  so  soon  arrived  for  die  tide  of 
Ameri<^n  declension?  According  to   the  comhidti 
course  of  events,  the  genius  of  the  American  people 
should  he  enhanced,  not  deteriorated,  by  the  peace 
and  prc^rity  they  have  enjoyed  since  the  period  of 
their  birtfi  as  a  nation.^    By  sketches  of  the  present 
state  of  their  religion,  legislation,  literature,  arts  and 
society,  with  an  aspect  never  turned  from  their  na- 
tional characteristics,  and  embracing  no  further  deiaib 
than  are  necessary  for  their  exposition,  I  propose  to 
endeavour  to.  refute  the  false  opmions  infeired  from 
their  tranquiUity,  and  at  the  same  time  to  exhibit 
their  national  character. 

In  this  age  of  infidelity  and  indiflfcrence,  to  call 
any  pe<^le  a  religious  people,  is  a  license,  which  no- 
thing  but  a  comparative  view  of  the  state  of  religion 
in  this  and  Ja  other  christian  countries^cWnpTin^ 


ItlsTfiowever,  true,  that  the  number  of  persons  dc- 


\ 


tf*■•^■..'. 


voted  topiovs  exercises,  from  reflection,  ihdepenc^ 
«»t  of  education  and  h^it,  is  grater  in  the  United 
States,  than  in  anjr  btber  part  of  the  :worid,  in  pro- 
portion  to  the  population ;  and  religious  moraUty  is 
more  general  and  pui^  hsiv  than  elsewhere.    The 
political  ordipance  of  leHgious  toleration  is^one  of 
.  those  improvements  in  the  science  of  poUtjcs,  for 
Which  mankind  will  acknowledge  their  obligations  to 
Anienca:  and  the  divorce  of  church  and  state  is  a^ 
inestimable  pledge  for  the  puriljF  and  stability  of  «- 
Bi^fean  goyemment.     Religious  toleration,  says 
the  Pnace  of  Benevcnto,  is  one  of  the  most  power- 
ful guaranties  of  social  tranquility ;  for  where  liber- 
ty  of  conscience  is  respected,  ^veiy  other  right  cah- 
not  fail  to  be  sa  As  cliristianity  and  civUi^ation  have 
lutlwrto  been  inseparable  companions,  it  is  probable 
that  where  thJt  practice  of  the  former  is  most  accept- 
•We,  the  influipceorihe  latter  will  be  the  most  per. 
yading.    One  of  th^t  acts  of  Ptenn  and  Baltimore 
m  their  rcspcctip^vinces,  was  the  absolute  sepa- 
ration of  ecd^iastical  from  secuku-  concerns:  a  ca- 
tholic and  a  qnaker,*  the  cxtt«mes  of  die  christian 
creed,  thus  signaUring  their  administrations  by  a  li- 
berality equaUy  wise  and  magnanimous,  the  bencfi- 
cialcfects  of  which  will  be  felt  to  the  latest  geneni- 
tion.    In  New  England,  where/ pnssbyterianism  is- 
the  predominant  faith,  fanaticism  expired  slowly, 
and  proacriptioii  blazed  up/tabrc  th^  once,  after  it 


-^1 


■i"? 


■•5*-t 


.^yi'lTf'  T^""^^"^  Chest««eld  crfl.  the  qo^ers 

1«.     .J'^'"?  -T'  "Wat  Voltaire  p^a^t^d  thm  the 
mgst  cathoUc  christkas. 


cA'. 


»r«' 


\ 


119 

«»«  believed  and  ought  to  have  been  extinguished,* 

#it  at  tfiw  time  persecution  is  impractioabUr.  Uws» 
and  opinions  strodger  than  laws,  prevent  it.  The 
^^urche*  ^  Home,  of  Engkmd,  of  Ludier.  of 
^  /  Wesley  and  of  Fox,  in  all  their  various  subdivisionii 
*nd  modifications,  subsist  in  peace  and  bsnnony 
Worshi|>ping  Withottt  molestation,  accoiding  to  their' 
diflcrent  tenets.  Universal  toleration  hhs  produced 
numberiess  particular  sects,  each  mamtaine^  by  en. 

^usiastic  firoselytes.    Thus  the  Americans  area  n».' 
twntrf  freethinkm ;  and  having  moreover  not  oahr 
no  established  church,  but  being  perfectly  unrestrain. 
^  m  Ae^  beiicj;  those  persuasions  are  most  foUow- 
ed,  which  mvolve  Ac  utmost  refinements  of  entho^ 
swsm,  and  rejection  of  ceremonial.    Afer  shaking 
off  entirely  die  shackles  of  superstition,  k  is  not  eau^ 
to  avoid  the  phrensy  of  fanaticism ;  for  one  begins 
where  die  odier  ends.    But  it  is  die  advantage  of 
the  lattel',  diat  H*ereas  superstition  binds  the  soulai 
slothand  Iter,  fenaticism  sets  it  free  from  ihcir  moit 
tification ;  and  diough  for  a  time  it  may  float  in  an 
uhsetded  medium,  it  wHl  setde  at  last  on  die  rirfit 

•  Alots  n*admettant  plus  d>«i^ritfe  visible,       •'''t    '' 
Chacun  ftit  de  la  fbi  cens6  fuge  ihfidllible ;  ^     " 
Bx\  sans  etre  approuv6  par  le  clerg6  Romtiii, 
>       T^t  Proteatantfut  Rape,  uncWblei  la  main.' 

A  JlKi>^  i)b.ervatioBs  on  the  state  of  rcUgion  in  tte  tTni^ 
J>t«tris,  are  meant  to  i>e  confined  to  iu  national  effects ;  foras- 

^°nt.^f?il'!!!!!^f  "'^^f^^  ^^  '"^^  ""y  »ff«*t  the 

lipn*"* 9f  Ihcjieqik.  It i» fin  i^^ummj  imemnrtrproi^iince 

any  opinion  upon  their  respective  merits.  Thus  much,  however, 


^'.uri'K 


m-ii 


A  , 


^.vr.mM^'"  \^i^fei. H^«.. '   --y^'^m 


u^-: 


120 


The- civil  in^liitatioiis  of  thk  cooiittT^  eeiiduce 
ec(ually  whh  reiiKoiJts'toleratkni  to  habits  of  hitelli- 
gence  and  independence.  Natural  equaKty  perhaps 
does  not  exist.  Birth,  affluence  and  talents  create 
^stinenon^  notw  [^standing  political  regulations  to 
th^  Gontrtuy. ' '  ^he ;  pride  of  fiimily*,  the  vaiiity  of 
health,  and  pdier  adventitious  :adyantage9Ji  i^  not 
incdi^  sensation  in  society,  even  in  t$j|^iqui% 

fcpublic.    But.  patrician  and  plebeian  (»rders>&re  un- 
'icnown,  and.that  third  or  middle  class,  uJjchi  which 

sb>tiiany/^£<»ies  have  been  founded,  is  k  section 

„■,■■  •  -.'.x,'       ■       ■,,'■,''  'H      - 

tSiat-flias  no  existofi^'  here.  Luxury  ms  not  yet 
Corrupted  tibe  ricb,^^)Qr  is  there^|^)y  Inl^^uit^  want, 
^IWuch  classifies  the  poor. ;  Ther^fe  no  p^Hilace.*  / 
'All  are  peoplcf  What  in  other  countries  is  calledC^ 
&e  populace,  a  eclnpost  (leap,  whence  gen)UQflte 
mobs,  be^ars,  and  tyrants,,  is  notto  be  found,  i^-  the 
towns;  and  there  b  no  peasantry  in  th^VibQunby. 
Were  it  not  for  the  slaves  of  the  south,  ttere  would 
bet>ut  one  rank.  By  the  facility  of  subsistence  and 
higb-IH-ice  of  labour,  by  ihe  universal  educadonand 
universal  suffrage,  almost  every  roan  b  a  yeoman  or 
a  citizen,  sensible  of  his  individual  importance.  Not 
more  than  350,000  of  the  seven  millions  composing 
the  population  of  the  American  states,  reside  in  large 
townis.    llie  reniaiader  live  on  farms  or  in  vUlages. 

I  may  be  permittefl  tolftay,  that  toleration  seems  more  likely 
than  coercion  to  make  catholics.  The  fire  of  free  thinking 
wUI  burn  itself  out  Nor  is  it  a  «  fond  and  iantastical  prophecy" 
to  fbretel,  that  free  inquiry  will  in  time  accomplish  what  ana- 
themas and  inqoi^tions  in  vain  endeavoured  to  compel. 


Plebs. 


t  Populus. 


Hy. 


f'  •* 

<»-• 


Most 


m 


:o8t6f  them  are  pnjprietora  of  the  wU  J  and  i^ 

rf  them  th©  imltbiest  jmd  most  influential  n^ws.* 

This  gveaticpttiiitifMi  of  estate  has  necessarily  a  great 

and  benei&dallinilueiiee  qa  the  m«ials  and  scntimenta 

of  the  peopbt,  w)iich  the  lawaam  m  genital,  fltmtrived 

tb  idd  and  €<mt^n^  j^PheaboUtionof  the  tights  ol 

priinogenitofe,  and  of  entails,  and  the  statutea  fo^'wi- 

iblating  die  tfcwismissba  of  p»opci?|y,  are  catcvliited 

to  prevent  die  accumulation  cff  tbi  fapkofi^bi  J^ 

ly^  'mrdKhaoAa^  of  a»y  pno/of  % childmi ;  and^ 

diilributingitreqiiaUy among  diemaH,  aeivetaexAlp 

thosc^  Mntiments  of  individual  indpp«&id«ic#iwljdl 

aa^tfae.  sdota  of  patriotism.    They  aw  impost  attiriM 

gattMfer  «ntf  toAufeAcc,  'tlnta  iBic  iphabitaitt*  'bf  dti^fe' 
tlia  tf<>|Milir  ibwrrtctbin  that  bav*  threifeBid  -£ 
p^W/oftM»  government  sinpft  thi^  «tabUshdie«  of  ^jte 
JjTMent  copf Ot^tionr  bav«,  ^rolMni  :0H$  ik  the  ioterioy,  re!iiot<^ 

fe^*"  ^rpetratednot  hf  means  ortownmob8,liutCit^iicr 
sfcftlci^  or  wfeat  are  known  fcereby  the  denomination  of  fej^k- 
w<ii*d«teMi.r  In  countries  where  die  peasants  «re  so  ignorililt 
and  poor  «»-t*Wf*hoUy  tandec  the  inauence  of  wpeHow 
thi»rigoiwMi*ii|i|RBiatymaf  belmt^lisefdl^^^^  ^ 

1^91^  condy<aye  to  their  own  Wpittnew/thantie^o^^^ 
of  the  lower  cia^s  in  great  towns;  especially  in  cathoU^ 
countries,  whe^  the  lawfulness  of  innocent  recreations  pre- 
ventaa  recurrence  lo  Vitiou*  amusements.  But,  in  the  United 
States,  the  people!**  neither  ignoraiit,  p<k>r,  norcithoKcV 
and  th<>  yirtiies  of  contentment,  indttstrr  and  sobtietf,  am  at 
least  a»  common  (jf  not^aore  >o)  in  cities  aa  in  th.  ^^„n,  _ 


^ttf, 


I' 


«  !■ 


122 

to  the  soil,  who  own  a  part  of  it;  from  which  attach4 
mcnt  spring  loveioCcountiy,  gloiy,  and  that  fine  union 
of  public  wiA^^vateicelinga,  which  constitutes  the 
ii«ogth  and  onuunent  of  rq>ubUc8.*'  InWomudiiesy 
flieac  sentiments  are  confined  to  the  great  The  mate 
of  the  peopie^to)be  ^ure  distinctively  love  the  sp6t  of 
their  nativity,  biit  «»e  seldom  animated  with  that; 
no|^  personal,  ahdadfish  and  obstinate  zeal^  ^Ph^ 
citioiis  fyjfk  for  idiat  they  caU  thei©  own.    Haid^Ja^ 
b«»r  and  low  iwages  stupify  tod  vitiate  (he  lower 
daases  of  nojMt  coimtries.    But  in  the  United  States 
wiig^ffl^veiy  high,  arid  ^rd  labour  is  altogether  opi? 
Jl||^    TTw^  days*  wotk  out  of  seven  yields  a  sup^i 
part.     The  lassitude  and  dissipation,  which  might  be 
i^|ikl6J  IliAn  so  much  leisure,  are  providcid  against 
bjrimtiind  circumstances.    On  one  side  the  sea,  ari^: 
oh  the  o^  rich  waste  lands,  present  ines^austible! 
fidds  of  adventure  and  opulence.    The  induoemeiit 
totebour,  the  rt:comp<inse,  is  so  great,  that  the  Am«tf . 
ricans,'  with  the  utmost  ikcilities  of  sttbsistcncfc,  are> 
a  most  industrious  pedple.   As;in  higher  life,  leanung! 
and  assididty  are  certain  pas^rts  to  prefermentand' 
celebi^ty,  so  in  the  occupations  of  trade,  agricultui^. 
and  the  sea,  persevering  industry,  almost;  without  w 
risk  of  disappointment,  leads  to  comlbrt  ai^  consei* 
quence.    The  proportion  of  persons  of  larj^  fortune 
is  sniall;  that  of  paupers  next  to  nothing.    iEvery^ 
one  is  a  man  of  business;  eveiy  thmg  m  the  pi^ 
gress  of  emulation  and  improvement    Univeraality 
of  suocessail  employment  difiiiscs  ala^  and  happi- 

___lSee  Monteadt.  Grand.  ctJici9^4»B  Kfm^^Sr 


mv 


,  •  -'i^^'tJJ 


133 

Mssthroughout  the  community.  No  tares,  noiiM>^ 
torjr,  no  ranks,  remove  every  scmation  of  restraint. 
Each  indiyidual  feels  hiWlf  rising  in  his  foftunes; 
and  the  nation,  rising  with  the  concentration  of  aU . 
thia  elasticity,  rejoices  hi  its^wing  gitatocss.-i;lt 
is  the  perfecUon  of  ciyiUged  society,  as  fcr  as  respects 
the  happiness  ofdts  members,  when  its  ends  aie^at- 
compliahed  with  Ale  least  pctssure  from  govcnnalBt ; 
,  and  if  the  principle  of ,  internal  coiruptia^  aamtit 

dangers  of  foreign  aggression,  did  not  rtS^  necea. 
,  saiy  a  sacrifice  of  some  rf  this  fclid^y[^to^|>reiciip 
and  p^petuatc  theitest,  'vsp,AmcncaiMi^m^^ 
nu^  to  float  in  und&tUBbci  buoyancy.     Tl^i^T 
ncas.  the  virtue*  and  the  mostjdesirabli^  chuMe^f^ 
a  peoDleJrt  such  a  time,  and  un^br  8U«|^^«kcS/ 
stances,  are,  most  perfect,  and  should  b?toatt  di». 
linguishcd.     But  *  ^  of  licentiousness  abvady 
disturbs  this  happy,  equilibrium,  and  it  must  be^ 
overthrown  by  foreign  or  domestic  vidence,:iMi||^ 
it  be  retn^nched  and;p^iqtected.  rk  ;f  -,   >  >      "^S^ 
From:  ignorance  and  bigotry,  die  common  fea- 
tunes  o^  common  people,  the  Americans  have  less  ^ 
'  «»r  than  ffomithe.opposite.  evils  of  fection  and  ft. 
Jiaticism.    Fnipcosiliesito  Ac  bottie.  toconviMiikfcs, 
ittid.to  pedlar  dssonblies,  awe  fQUnde4  in  enthusiasm, 
and  fomented  by  freedom.    A  free  and  prosperous' 
pe«^  will  hftiDfccte4  wkh  ^  lust  $)rnovelty  ;  a 
passion  more  eaaUy  diverted  ihto  subdued;      jk 
would  be  practicayp /<»•  the  Ainerican  government  to 
give  such  encouragemertto  puWic  festivals  and  re- 
creationa,a3^t^n4j3^a|^ypQp^^ 


.;WK> 


«t 


:fV-v. 


^«idfe  ii^ifii  popular  fcdSg^ 


*>* 


c> 


i-       '-sir 

.'I- 

3)^^ 

^1      < 


.^' 


^ 


fV 


<^i?1> 


j-li> 


.V 


1^, 


M 


^prtriotie  dktctJdn.    But  at  |iresent,.^withi  all  their 
Ibndiiesij  for  {HHtlk^meetings,  which  4s  indulged  in 
ninimberless  variety  of  tosooifetiiMis,  rdipious,  pdi- 
^^^  convival  and  aocial,  greatljr  exce^Jing  thdt  of 
i%  Ae  Americana  have  few  im»k?w^i 
!anr fiifiiiig  i^io  disu8e»4^v   % 
-^fioih^tf^iiiB  i^the^^3^  Utenktuife 

artsi  i  ilusiiiesa  and  traUquillitjr  arfr  not 
eii^ntai;  '1*e  ^xiets^  painters,  architecte  6r  ^ 
^^  Amerioa,  wetfiy^  neither  vety  nmn^ 
llkudie  AmericanssQ«%-  no  messis, 
Tin rEu»c^  «>  abtorbed  in  ignoble 
'^ to  iie HJnrtriribte  itk  tjic  artfr  t&Bt*|xslUi 
r^arHeaatiMiilgWiiot  titsmWwtf 
lB[^cli|riateB,;andUteiaiy  eicdleiice law liad 
All  Civilized  men  Itftheir  timii  Why  ilieii 
Tih«^a*te»  irichand  rilingiiaiiontekist  to  the  noble* 
lArtcticiis,  the  gnnoiullircfk  lor  *  whoae  attachment 
|!^te»i»fe  i»  brfiadiy  laid  ina  fiu-  more  genenl  diioew 
iimilforfjgf  common  taniug,  than  %  odier  pec^ 
m^fh^mK;  jife  i^^  N^l^riieHcans,  frho  cannot  to:ad 
<llid^  write,  ii»d«*oiMivB 

^  figurcK  EduiMtibtt4s^itt«iiq«|^>I^Uo.^sonoem  hf^ 
ifatoioany  other  dountrfi    %<*«***  ^ate  of  €oiil 

^lpctii»^.«ipBi^;^^^  m0i-hm  ^im  ^laoo  fydbiit 


125 

schools,  ivhiGh  contain  about  4a»000  sdiola».at  » 
time.*  The  counie  of  tdumhn,  homievir,  is  in  ^ 
n^ral  short  and  sl^rficial :  adapted  mher  to  the  oc- 
casions than  the  perfection  of  the  student  There  is 
less  of  that  minute  division  oC  employment,  which 
obtams  in  older  nitions,  and^iiuch  hai:;gtt^^  ten- 
dency  toward  the  ext^t  and  certainty  of  acquh* 
mente.  Bat  the  number  4,f  schools  b  tinequaHcii 
elsewhere:  and  m  the  severol  colleges' thoijaifc 
.probably  about  2,000  scbplarsat  a  time.    ■" 

J:9r  i^in  njdimental  learning,  and  «^  ^£ 
^f^T^  the  Ameri«in.  .uipa^li;^^ 
^^  lower  classes  m  Ei^land,  m%m  4 

^»ut  ^  «rtional  chamcter,  in  thispc^^^ 
diat^ctf  an  ^t  miiveraal  mediocrity,  than  any  par- 
^m^^rM^^^  o( j^^^astA,    The  Jiteiituirrf 

•^e  Mliler's  »et«).pfqt  Ibf  the  i»ml>erof  pubUe  «di«iafe 

cannot  ,^*rip^«i  authority,  bat  it  «ay  b*.  r^^l^u^^ 

excit«  th*  «„b.tion  6f  many  fcrme„   ^  labo^ttj^  JZ 

Wilf.  the;.»w,ue.  of  the  taw,  the  chorblH  physic  aWIM*. 
^.e«e«l»  public  Ilfe,«*.U  Wdope„,r*rbachJ^1^ 
^«li|«wy  Who  ittdn  to  tbk  deg«.,  coinmem:o  thefr 
•todUiwHhomafarthtagia  their  p^fceti,  awi  ddWiy  tH. 

f^WiUf  |»»  ..w|»|^,l^  o^H^^  iLiurf  estfetJStSr 


r 


^  <m6  .  ■    '* 

th#8!Bimtrjr,  to  advance  our  view  a  gj«ie  higher  is 
rather  «)lid  dum  shiping.  But  die  vast  number'  of 
newspapers,  and^|eri^iqal»  publicatic»fts,  die  im- 

iH^f^  "^  f'^%t1,^1&wl«telr  if  stated,  is  not 

m^r        .f  r"  '"**'='^'»'^t«'-  of  the  American  pco^I,. 

.^vc  on  the  n(«ion.  as  a  naUon,  i,  endeavoured  to  be  explain. 

««.r     "i'^lr"^  «P«A  an  e,a„^«iott  of  more  serious 
wsults :  and  w  hke  manner  the  efifect  of  the  number  of  news- 
Pj««r.  and  other  periodical  pubHcations,  on  the  genius  and 
,^cter  of  the  peopley  iscohsiderwi,  without  approving  that 
^/  *^t,  prwqoicingatthe,ai,gmeiitation.    Iconiider  rational 
.WW,  useful  learnings  and  ,oM4  science,  more  endangeiwl 
^^*»*Jy  «ffed  the  freedom  of  the  press,  than  frtm  all 
ae  hosts  of  ignorance  and  tyranny.    The  discovery  of  print- 
ff  ^  ^  incalculably  bencHcial  to  the  mas.  of  ma^nd. 
ImtHie  all  ottiw  benefits  thii  is  susceptible  of  (^rruptibi  aqd 
•bupe.    The   maga«m«i,  revieirs,  and  newspapers  that  «« 
q>rMding  over  the  face  of  Europeaad  North  America,  «^|jiMu 
en  to  delace  and  obliterate  every  vestige  of  the  good  W»e 
mAMom»&>nt^\i9  derived  from  well  chosen  roadinfind 
unprejudwed  wq«,y.     In  the  United  States  particularly. 
Where  the  people  in  general  are«o#ell  informed,  there  is  less 
•co^loo  thanin  any  other  countiy,  for  these  HttleMghte; 
«d  mor*  ocoiHtoand  abettw  atmoephere,  th«i  In  any  other, 
»>r  the  grew  lumMnrie.  of  ^^^^  and  instruction.    A  male- 
volent syatem  of  uijcandid  criticism,  dictat«t  by  no  principle 
of  wnpwtiaU^  or  Impiovement,  but  directed  with  a  single 
•y«  ^circuhitipn,  sale  end  profit,  k  the  iU^uited  vMkicle  u^ 
whi>;h  most  vMem  |»erformance«  in  iMtert  •!«  Ushered  into 
the  wortdr  And  the  newspapers  of  England  and  the  United 
States,  almost  ^thout  excepdon,  from  being  th^  repositories 
U  polillcs  4mI  ipteUigepce,J»ave  become  the  mere  base  oK 
r««  Of  ftctfcl,  rfbridiy  4nd  s^iidon.    Any  obnoxious  Indiv^ 
<Wlfli,fcowetife.ftfehb  tharacten  may  be  wffrTfn  dri»ft  wjik 


«^ 


impunity,  and  consigned  to  obscurity,  perhai>s  t^e  grav^« 


^f>^^:-''f 


127 

mense  nhportations  from  Europe  at  books  of  em* 
dracnption,  sjnd  their  continual  «te  .t  vmr  hS 
pices.  Oteprin^B !»«»«.  the pMbliclibra.4,^ 
pMosophuirt^iuri  Uteray  in«iM&^^.  .rt^veJ 
^gene«.^„o.tion  andimelUgence  ofAecwnml^ 
.    ™^.__'W»»<*c«u%re6«ethech«gesbri.dift«nce 

the  ,onty  co^uie,  where  mo«  b,^k,  .„  ^^ 
pub  tehed ;  and  in  nehhar  of  ftese,  a^^  ^^ 
glial  wnleiB  are  more  aume,w«.  is, the »,»!,«,, rf 
J^ ^grea, «, i„  Ae  «„i,«d  StaSi v,»„i„>^ 
tfcerof  Acse  oraqr  o4er  e«n»7  w&k,^;  j^ 
mus  for  writing  or  flaking  a  man  usdal  ^i^* 
»Xlwti*»iow 'work.'iL^^uf-'''*"^..-  -'«a«*N(Wi'*'  *» 

«»«iwr  w  a  nevspftper  it  was  onci  th(^irh»tMe«Muit««  ** 
P!^»  ■«»  tofcn««io.™d  cl««,^.™,  C^!^*! 

country  hi  which  Hit  tol«,«»d.   Letter. /^h^  ""'^ 

•jndangewd  from  tU,i  coitumil  J^ST         ^"^  '^'^'* 

Uon  may  prove    ^  theT^.    '  ""'  ^^""^^  '^«  •«P«™- 

yprove,  or  the  metal  IS  o#t  worth  preserving. 

4 


I  > 


•■i    > 


^ 


fll^d^  in  the  AmaAomstatit  papers,  bo^fiir  com- 
pdutfeAana^k^Bk^Ofi  Wael^^  eonte^ted    Inde. 
fiendttktof  sevenl  piiblic  Ihei^  works^  of  sttit^ 
iSibriMBitrikmerks^  i^|iao«tf  evcry^st^e  h^  ife  historian 
ti^'fii$^^t^8tical»  profe^ibfKil, '  com. 
I^l|i9^^bcially  potitlit»I  treatises j  are 
-  iie'^eiftilrifig  oT  «^rf ^%,  and  miittipl5r  at  ^  pit^. 
f^^  iaiR .  It  is  not'  ivetyf^itr^  in  aHfji^  coiku^^  that 

the  more  curious  and  costly  fabrications,  in  agr^cul- 
tittfebdthpractki^  airi  acfentScaI^,in^M)^^ 

«^5f^,>IH^i9?w  ^  J&^^  aiidiM^l»>fiirpaas 
a«awi(.dbll'ii^«t  nor  bettier  pretension  tlM*  t^^lier. 
na^obal  ancestiy,  ffremittie  td  <iona^  ^'  ^^Icjtii 
etns  ^  ticitdly^U^e^^  with  refinement,  Which 

»*  ^?^  understand  and  enjoy  miieh  bci#  ^ 
themselves.  Their  arcliitec^ure  is  4(im^sneat  and 
Gcniwiodioui,  oAea  d^ine,  a^d^  k  sdine  inkten^s^ 
grand  aiid  itnposinggMMi^^i^^li^^^^         ma^ 

■'     >^;^fe  their  imjflC|net^i|igi^^ 

t|^^,  fliey  are  a  century  mpre  jim{NK>yq4 
than  the  inbat^anli  of  France  and  Snaii#ii^^#^^  . 

a^hq»LlV«  JfiVi^^  pniirinceof  utility^  and  ap. 
p«ttlrii^i||iw»  of  e^legii^/%r  thedeptl^  of  erti-' 
did»B,  iB  k  t*tlc  they  are  in  a  state  of  minority,  when 


129 

arts  and  studies  reqiiire  leisure  and  patronagcif«„- 
h^s  luxuiy,  to  foster  them  into  matui%.  Though 
of  these  the  ATOcrioan  soU  is  not  entirely  m^pdiic- 
tive,  yctauQh  shoots  as  have  appeared,  aiexaieimd 
8pontan§pus.  There  are  fetiv  individuals  with  tbo 
means  mid  incUnatiort  to  be  IpaHxHis :  and  the  gw^. 
ment  has  hitherto  afforded  Utde  piotection  6f,e0u»- 
tenance  to  such  improvements.    /  .^       ;, . ,  .^ [p^|j.^ 

/Most  foreigners  impute  tbiff  barbarianm^^ar^ 
ucsswi  the  part  of  the  government  to  the  sl»ri|t  of  « 
republican  popple,  aftd  the  poUeyoftbeir  rulers  ,j^ 
I  fear  there  are  not  wanting  native  AmeticaiwiiirhD 
consider  the  fine  arU  and  repUbUcaiiism  inpompiii^lc. 
But  how  rude  and  felse  is  suqh  a  ^titoent !  Howf 
«flbisivc  to  the  history  and  g«wus  rf  lepuWip*!^,, , 
Certain  it  ia,  however,  that  there  is  aUiiost«  tf^ 
ab^enoe  from  diis  copntiy  of  those  j^iagmficent  ijae- 
morials  ami  incentives  of  distinctiop*  whii  the  ^e 
art**  partictilariy  those   of  statuary  and  painting, 
create  and  sanctify.    There  i^^scaroely  a  statue] 
structure  or  public  monument  tp  comffliemofftte  the 
achievements  of  th^  war  for  independence.    J|p 
ground  where  the  principal  battles  were  fou^,  1^- 
awtas  wncOn»6cntted--4hc  ashes  of  the,^^^      who 
died  ibr  liberty,  yninumfid--and  i^yfiy  ^is|io^on 
towsrd  a  suitable  ertiblaeonmentof , dy}$e  jeveatiB and 

c^aetersi  wbwh  should  be  p^rpjetuJ^Uy  present  to 
*e.n(iti«»,,  ill^«y  ,j^vatmg^^C^^ 

prewed  as  hiimioal  19  t^ie  thf j%  p^y  of  repul^^ 

licanisiii;,    thousands  of  pens  indeed,  sis4  tt^  pf 

^houan^^jf  ^^gusg^  yfe  with  facJi  <i0iw  1^;  ;j^hcir~- 


■< ..   > 


''\  """  '■''''.\'V''i';'.-"'f^'^P; ; 


W 


130 

pwlsgyi^.  And  more  than  one  native  pencil  too  has 
been  dedicate  .td  their  immortafelng,  Bii.tth4s*are 
Riyatecfiusions.    The  wiaon  ha»  not  Ae  hrtiotir  of 
thwr  cwation-j  and  remains  ta  this  day  with  scarcely 
o^  .^  those  grdit  and  splendid  edifices,  obelisks 
asAlndnutilclnts,  which  should  bei  scatteied  over  the 
land^withtrtiinificent  profiision,  to  attach  and  inaphc 
its  inhabitants,  and  embody,  identify,  and  preserve 
thdr na^nri  feelings  gnd  character.  Patriotism  must 
have  shrink'  or  its  ardour  will  relent.    Permanent 
pwblic  memoiiUs^  s^rw  not  only  to  invigorate  the 
chaj^ot«r  of «  cbumiyj  and  mcite  the  best  emotions  of 
its'^^fts^  fe«.ls^  eafljeUish,^  x^  n^akc  it 

h^M'y.' '  SeHieet^^^  mhJ  cemm  Mtm, « fw^ue  figuram, 
tmtam  Vifn  h  setthabirei  sed  memoriaterum  ^estn. 
rum  e&mjlamtjiam9grtfiit  vmt,  in  pectore  enscefe  ; 
neq(ke  frks  iedim  jjuam^i^^ 
gwidmadaquaif^t^u  ih  I    . .,        .     ;    . 

'  ;Jfei^<fce€fibrt8  which  M«  thc^  production  of  gcni^ 
Wither  than  ^ailkjn,^  ptotfcularlyin  the  accompUsh. 

"^^^^^vt^^^^ing*  Ae  Americans  have  .ttain- 
ed  ^  gi^^«x6ellence  tl»n  other  modem  nations, 
their  ii^jtttpi^  \h  iige  ahd  refinement  In  the  preva- 
kaeeoforatoiyiasfa  common  talent,  in  the  number 
of  |;«90d  publio^>eakers,'>itt  the  fife  attd  captivation 
OfifchcirjMArfic  harangues,  parliamentaiyy  pcmular, 
forensic  and^of  the  pttlpii,  tl»  English  are  the  onjy 
mod^  pebple«fcomp^i»afele  wid>  the  i\^ricans^  ahd 
the  «:nglUai*^  from  being  their.*^l«ife.  Popular 
reJ>nssent^tioh  «ind  fh^bnk  of  ipecfch-  several  sove- 
i^ignties,  ea^ofte^rescntedma  debating  asfifttn . 


'■'■'.•'v' 


\ 


■  131 

bly.^ahrays  rivals  and  sometimesidirectly  op^ 
toMch.oa»r,cuW«.teanicaU  forth  4eTO^  aE 
l?o*e«  of  oralo,^,  „ho«,  conc^tionsam  ftcUitattd 

t»rty  of  the  muge.  „£  ,„^.    jjot  only  <,n»o«- 
but  aU  the.art.  and  aciencea  a«.arid  to  floibh  in* 

,  !^«»»-  and  Gwc»e  wilt  ever  «main«.fll„arioo. 
">«a"ce  that  a  dU8.tr  of  cpmmereial  repubUcTk 

^mmcndy  adapted  to  their  propagation  anTperfc^ 

B«  thei^  ai«  circumstances  both  natiinj  and 
moral,  promotive,  or  prejudicial  to  the  int«wst»of 
letter^^dthc  fine  arts,  that  hav^  opemted  on  differ, 

cnt  nations  and  ages,  which  baffle  «»^h,  and  a« 
indicated  only  in  efects,  not  to  be  tmced  tp.any  ,«^. 
t^in  cause.  Thus  SaUust  observes  of.  the  Gree^- 
thatowuig  to  their,  great  «enu»  fo«-^vriting,;tlieii 
acteare  moic  cdebiatedthan  th^  deserved  t6  be- 
whereas  the  Romans  did  not  wnte'cnough  for  their" 
omt  renown.    M  p^fiulo  Rmano  mmquam  ea  capia 

/flwaferi*  9i4am  ipse  dwrum  tHmrarn^nmkbaul^  vitjs 
commoi»m  Europe  ^r^d.Oie  American  state* 
wtth.  cdm€itipi,r,bewHse,  aroimg^^^^.4^^  dclectp,,  of  ' 
th«r.sqi^osedMii»pafude..fei  Jij^  wfinmente: 
and  thft,nonproducMon?0C;ftm^ 
adopted  as  a  proof  of  the  poverty  of  their  taste  for 


"\. 


'/I 


j*flatil.«.«. 


"i  v^'     ■'.?  V .""!  XK''*^' 


'  t.' 


las 


-i 


literati|re,  wHich  is  ascribed  to  coihinercial  and  re- 
publican habits  and  laws.  I  havp  endeavoured  to  sho^ 
the  falsehood  of  these  preifliscs.  But  admittmg 
their  correctness,  does  the' inference  foUowf  The 
Homans,  who,  as  I  have  jus^  shown,  wrote  very  litde, 
who  were  not  a  commercial  people,  and  who,  above 
all  others,  tveie  addicted  to  theatrical  spectacles, 
never  had  a  tragic  poet ;  and  their  few  coiAic  writers 
are  inferior  to  thOsd  of  Greece.  Spain  has  been 
said  to  have  produced  but  one  excellent  book,  and 
that  ri<Mcules  most  odiers.  Yet  how  mistaken  our 
concliisions  would  b€fe  \i  we  inferred  from  l|i^  lion. 
existen^  of  tragic  poe<s  at  HofM,  thai  the  Romans 
had  no  We  for  tm^dy,  or  from  reading  Don 
QuixotteAthat  the  Spomiards  were  an  ignorant  or  a 
\Uvcly  liatic 

There  is  lio  subject  en  whiph  a  libetal  judgment 
should  proceed  so  cautiouily  to  condemnation,  as  that 
of  thehteraiychahUrtcr  of  acptemporpeoufl  nation.^ 
The  most  di8taigi«sfacd  scholars  hsve  been  the  most 
prejudiced,  whcjj  &ey  can^  to  weigh  the  comparative 
merits  of  their  own  and  other  nations  in  tias  respect. 
Volt»fa*,  nMwithstendmg  all  hiri  leaning  and  hnpar- 
tialky  &thei^)stracty  and  Johnson,  tekethew  stations 
air  ^  feesad  of  Ae  p^judfises  of  their  tespeetive  coun. 
trifft^^  Itis  riot^i  tiiefefbfBr  to  be  woAdcred  at,  that  the 
Enp«id8^y<tediw«ib<tf  iVtmc^  or  that 

«ho  Fi«ieh  cannbt  tiftliA  Shakei^eafc  or  blaidc  tewe. 

•  ^ueun  fietifile  n*e$t  en  droit  de  te  mojuer  d^un  autre,  says 
Voltaire,  in  pise.  Prefim.  j^  m:  #t.  «&r  iee  Mmur,. 


iss 


^Whcn  a  youn^  people,  not  yet  hilf  a<Sentuiyad. 
i|i>oe^  have  already  exhibited  a  genius  f6r  oratory 
'  aiidl^gialation,  and  their  genewa^telligence  ia  so  un* 
li^^ed  as  that  of  the  Americana,  we  should  be  slow 
to  conclude,  from  the  paucity  of  their  origuial  wri* 
ters,  that  they  want  an  aptitude  for  componjltion,  or 
a  taste  for  literature  an^  the  arts.   Siflcc  the  itiycntion 
of  pnntin^,  and'the  improvements  in  commerce,  the 
antiquated  princijJcs  of  gradual  im^lioitticai  sat^po 
longer  apidicable  to  any  people,  esjiecially  not  to  the 
Americahs.    Rudiments  are  bbsolete.     Ai  the  dia. 
coveiy  and  fii^t  settlement  of  Amtrica  wtot^  re. 
suits  of,  and  simultaneoiis  with,  the  reappearance  of 
the  arts  aiid  sciences  during  the  ISth^nd  16th  cen- 
times, and  as  the  inhabitants  of  this  fcoimtiy  h»v«  ever 
since,  by  the  means  of  commerce  ai^^  W  presses^ 
been  mtimately  connected  with  all  the  most  polished 
nations  of  the  older  worid.  their  ii^tation  of  aucces. 
sive  improvements  has  been  dose  ^  constant,  some^ 
tunes  enlivened  wiih  distinguished  discoveries  and 
useful  inventions  of  their  own.    WWlc  the  shackkj 
of  a  mother  country  laid  upon  their  gfaiius,  it  wafc'^ 
necessarily  somewhat  restricted  and  mortified,    the 
revolution  caHed  it  forth  to  action,  with  aU  theatdom- 
inci^m  to  sueh  occasions.    Inuring  the  short  period 
that  has  elapsed  since  their  independence,  fiwdom, 
prosperity  and  ambition  have  Sthnulated  its  powers  5 
and  setting  aside  two,  or  perhaps  three,  of  the  most 
enhghfened  empires  nf  Europe,  the  literature,  art6 
awl.  sciences  of  the  peo]^  of  the  United  States 
^^^«,  are  cqu#,  and  their  general  infiirt^fea  ^ 
and  mteingence  superior,  tolltese  of  any  othe^  naUon. 


~rr. 


•i 

A  people  so  lately  sprung  from  Europe,  ^  closely 
connected  with  it,  and  so  much  younger  in  die  an- 
nab  of  civUization, ,  naturaUy  adopts  European  cus- 
toms.   At  die  same  time  there  being  few  rich,  and 
no  poor,  diere  is  less  disparity,  litde  luxury^  and  mo- 
rals  predominate  over  manners  in  diis  country.    As 
civilized  society  rests  on  reciprocal  concessions,  its 
structure  is  most  harmonious  whfe'n  diey  arc  b^st 
regulated ;  for,  perhaps,  die  most  we  can  say  of  hu- 
man nature  19,  diat  it  b  capable  of  being  rendered 
ambbfe  by  a  reciprocity  of  good  offices.    -The  arts 
erf  hospitality  and  politeness,  the  alternation  of  bu- 
aness  and  pleasure,  social  assemblies,  innocent  re- 
creations  and  good  breeding,  M^de  diey  give  zest  to 
existence,  undoubtedly  tend  to  reEne  and  cement  so- 
ciety,  and  td  render  mankind  more  virtuous  as  well 
as  more  elegant.    Up  to  the  period  of  enervation, 
refinements  mend  the  afiections  as  well  as  die  man- 
ners: but  it  b  die  misfortune  of  society,  that  civili. 
zation,  after  a  Certdn  point,  begins  to  lose  its  seem- 
f  liiiess;  morab  give  way  to  manners,  and  character 
has  no  \«reigiit  agamst;  rank,  appcanmce  or  beha- 
viour. > 

Though  didvai^  fe^  ih^i^veiy  k^ 
in  die  United  States,  a  great  proportion  are  in  easy  ' 
circumstances,  and  hospitality  and  politeness  are 
common  virtues.  Commercial  people  ^  said  to  be 
inhospit^e.»  The  Englbh  and  die  Dutch  are  die 
least  h<»^tabfe  people  of  modem  Europe.  But,  in 
the  United  States,  abundance  overcomes  the  cakur 
laing  spiqi  of  trade,  stod  the  least  and  die  soudi  vie 

*  Mon\xst{.  i»fi.  clcs  Loix. 


''''l  . 


135 

with  each  othef  in  unbounded  hospitality.  Even 
.  this  by  some  of  those  Eun)peans  who  arc  prepos- 
sessed  agamst  this  countiy,  may  be  accounted  a 
remnant  of  simplicity  at  least,  if  not  of  barbarity 
Savages  are  always  hospitable,  llie  Romans  found 
It  necessaiy  to  prohibit  the  lavish  dispensation  of  this 
duty  among  the  Ckrmans.  But  in  the  exerciae  of 
such  a  virtue,  we  admire  the  vanquished  more  thad 
their  conquerors  in  its  extinction.-  ^^ ..; 

1   '^tl"*"*"™'"'"  °^  *^  Americans  are  gayer  and 
less  fero%pi^  Aan  those  of  the  English,  ^^e^  «e 

more  addicted  to  dancmg,  foi;.mstance,  and  l4  to 
boxmfe  bulLlxnimg,  and  cock-fighting.  Noldiat 
tfiere  is  more  ferocity  in  the  English  than  fa  the 
American  character.  But  the  Americaiw  have  had 
opportunines,  of  whidi  they  have  availed  Aemselv^, 
to  by  asKkceitain  savage  attachments,  vrfiich  un- 
broken custom  stiU  mamtains  m  England*     The 

atncal  exhibitions,  Ae  4ort8  of  the  field,  and  the 
pleasmies  of  the  table,  are  found  by  die  Amo^^ans  not 
intompatiWe  with  serious  and  lucrative  occupations 
andawifoHdwed  with  a  general  and  increasingrdish'  V 
Gammg  and  vitioui*  dissipation  are  uot  uhj^tised  - 
t-tmor^cp«pi^  the  better^ 

of  people.,-,^,  ,,m.,,,.^^;,.  ,   ,  ,,,,^,^,,,: 

The  prevaihnir ^^%  ^^brtet^  .  i^„^^ 
relaxing  heats  of  die  cUmate  in  die  soudiem  and 

^^f^J^l^^  ^bsenot^  of  all  restrictiou,  and 
thew^pncfextfwages.^^:^^!^^^ 

^Am^pngland  i^  e^e^pt.  But  ip  ,v^^ 

part  of  t[H>  TTnion, >c  ^^P^us.  ^^w^^oT- 


f  1 


I 


_i|  ■!,,..  ri>  ■  ■ 


Li's-iiCTJE' 


■> 


136 


the  £urmers,  arc  g^ven  up  to  a  pernicious  indulgence 
in  spirituous  liqueur.* 

Marrkgesvin  the  United  States  are  contracted 
eaiiy,  and  generally  from  disinterested  motives.  With 
very  few  exceptions  they  are  sacred.  Adultery  is 
ran,  and  seduction  seldom  practised.  The«  inter. 
course  of  the  sexes  is  more  &miliar,  without  vice, 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,;  to  which  cir* 
cumstance  may,  in  great  measuHe,  be  attributed  the 
hi^tpy  footii^  olaocKty,  This  intercourse;  in  some 
countries,  is  confined,  t^  cold  and  haughty  customs, 
ahnost  to  tl)c  circles  of  consanguinity ;  in  others, 
froin  Of^iDsite  causes,  it  b  unrestraioed>  >t}luptuous, 
and  depraved.     In  the  United  States,    it  is  ^ree, 

•  chaste  and  honouraUe.  Women  are  said  to  afibrd  t 
t3rpe  €^  the  state  of  dvilizaticm.  In  savage  life  they 
are  slaves.  At  the  middle  era  of  refinement,  they 
are  companioQS.  With  its  excess  they  become  mis- 
tresses and  sUves  again.  North  America  is  now  at 
that  bappy  mean,  when  well  educated  and  virtuous 

,  women, enjoy  the  ccmfidencx  of  their  husbands,  the 
revereilce  of  Uieir  children,  and  the  respect  of  socie- 
wMch  k  chiefly  indebted  to  them  for  its  tcttie  and 
en^^li^Aents.  The  unobtrusive  suid  insensible 
influence  of<^  sex  is  in  meridian  qperatiim  at  this 
tisilei  and  as  m^-<^Qnq>any  of  vktuous  wiHn^n  is  the 

*  tlie  prevuling;  dml^  of  somenSidfis affordi  a  partial  in- 
dex to  their  characters.    The  chatnpsugne  of  the  French,  the 
malt  liquor  of  the  English,  the  wi^skey  of  the  Iri^h,  the  (in 
f  of  the  Dttt6h,  the  ram  of  the  southern,  uid  the  cjrderpf  the 
eastern  Americans,  ate-jespectively  somewhat  indicative  of 


their  national  temperaments. 
1 


■# 


ua 


.(■■I  >'■« 


bertaitotafer  inannera,#hc  Ami^         without  as 
l»igh*|6li8h  «  »«e  Biropen 

even  the  nm  refined,  have  091  attained.  ^  I  ^^ 
'^""•'?Wi^^^PPI|ii!ii«.i  copied  alter  En* 

•NSN**  "^  ««l!(fl«»  of  the  AmericansA,k     ^r 

S'Jir  '^*"'*  in  lhelre«i«at.  W  the  igw^ce  «i 
«»»«*^  !*»w*l»ipW>w«a^  alternately  Iblsiime^^rt^^  mmi^ 


w^m^ 


^^ 


^'".'vi*?^ 


./ 


:n.f 


IV. 


ti|r^^lie|^oas;  poli^bi  «i^  Isodai^  let  ine  faasteh  ib 

jmenta,  coippared^nrith  their  spiicbf  In  Earope,  such  dgre- 
errbrt  are  t&tSiy  assig^iy^uri^"^  uncbhinKKn  caQ8<^^-^ 

jp;^  or  iwo  with  flatteriiig  ^^oet^om  c^  theirj>iiiQ^^ 
%offf  characteriiitics ;  gf*\ii)ing  the  swains  oif  Florida,  Vir* 
giiiia,  and  Canada  alt^ther  in  the  samejlNi^a^  di^ 
<^  out  in  the  florid  ct>l<itfra  of  his  own  iiij^^pjl  #'^. 
liH  «^  all  ^th,  and  withont  the  least  ftpjieftininee  (^  ^ien 
geognp^^i^prietf,  whil^  we  ^1«»:  ve  |^Ji«t:|W/wr. 
F^«^dj|.ia«Wnnd<^|^|^  ^^  T^iifciitiS^^^ 

*?Ke»  of  i^c^al  obi^rvatioii,  portray  the  sotteQr  oi^  thei^ 
states  ui  the  msgosting  shades  of  vulgar,  uhrelieVecldepri- 
1^'  *<^».]!|mif*W»l»'  9PP0rt«nitie»  have  made^cg^aint- 
^^^  ***S<llPR^^*?»'^'*>^  these|^retei?d«*  ^i^snesse^ 
W*  *|^S  *^||llP?"nt  for  the  moUves  of  their  cr«ati<i;# 
^^'^^  *9^l^l^l|||P^i|^^9^  opent^tion  of  natioW 

**'SiHfe  oi^^  d&rg^  with  an  unusual,  portion  of  that 
Jt^^fmuf  and  universal  jealousy.    Europe,  unwilHng  tpadaait 
"^   ifivW''^  ^  lately  peopled  frona  its  superahundatttpdjl^ii. 
%|j|w>uld  be  any  th^gmpre  than  a  feeble  scion  fmm  the 
It  stock,  un^or^y  to  be  c|U|ysi^red  ^  an  eqi|«l,  qiuc^ 
m^S.  V^^kA^^^  we  '■^j^.im^'i^^  and  love^i^hado^ 
;  llie  parent  8tQcl^|^^  has  mm^d  ^  fyjAptm  of  ru^ 

^^^    M^  f|j|;i«W%»tr9ija  a^Mrdi^ca  be  tpj^iiNi 

'^  M^  ai^d,  the  ^^nabersome  ^t^^^i 


tistGi,amd 


^W(«f  ^I^III^^Uatc  f^  Amedeii^  to  \ie  ^o^jf^r^6}fj^ 
^f*W)mVm^f^illll^^  of  stitevmeo,  and  Uic  4l«p. 

siUoiw  o£  Kterati,  »vt^  first  to,  proclaim  t^^^  sapctipn  all 
4he  narpow  preju4ic«,j^ti^  pwml  thepe  «n  tbia  ^libject.  One 
of  the  last  !V^mmm^^lll$t^ot  ^^^l^m  h%Ye  cnd^ 
voured.to  de^thp^txp?!!^  of  a  t^r  «qgh  th«  United 
SftMe^^  1^  JIlil^S^  of  a  wli^^tiayels,  ip  an  iftdi- 
yIdl^,d,Mfagul«h«^Jb^  U,.^  »  ,el«far 

^4  *;P9el,  over  wfaosc^  mind;  therefore,  illiberal  prepc^;. 
siQns  should  have  less  swa^.^n  over  the  xnttt  itiiierants  a^ 
travel-wrights  of  the  ag^^  |  allude  to  Anacreon  Mqom  who 
is  so  el^^>,|^.|J»»^|^^^^i|^p  his  pen  is  exercliei 

on  this  coiinpyi  tliat3f1»  hweft  of  attits  magic,  and  he  dwfe- 
dies  intq^a  poo^  epi|>ime^  of  commcm-place  calutanids.^  J^ 
left  England  to  tak^lpon >ini  sofie  litNeaffice  in  the  «'|ii!- 
j«x*d  Bermoothes  ,••  and  not  Ukin|  the  sit^atioii,  cttme  fttenii 
leas  andpen^yless  to  the  AmerlpanconHiien^  with  too  othefr 
recommtodittion  than  his  enchHilng^tiaenta  for  music;  mki 
which  pasvport  he  wng  his  wsy  throijgh  some  of  the  cMef 
towns,  lc)iteii9S,Yhere  he  was  bidden,  and  almost  |^ij>i|)R  1^ 
a  uneals  of  course  w%>ut  any  iheans  of  knowing  o^  i^^. 
ciating  the  ijihabltantf.    Yet,  on  hia  tt^tUt  necesd^£^ 
him  to  manulactum  ft  paltry,  maUgiiant  ditodeeimo,  dlsgrice- 
fut  alike  to  his  bcml  andO^  heart ;  ia  which,  after  deatta| 
'otit  l]|iii  ingratituls  in  as  mtich  prose  as  he  could  produi^^ 
^e  occaajbn,  he  fiUIs  away  into  rhyme,  as  grov«Uiog  ill 
usual  stvaina  are  toftyi  and  spits  the  remainder  •§  his 


m 


travelled  over  Europe  on  fobt,  with  a  Wallet  oivhis  shoulders,  hss 


¥ 


a?#?t:JW^^ 


IQ 


«r^  ^fi6«i!  tb  bSHs  of  #^ii^^iirfttfi(^tfi#^ii^t«itt^ 

hav^  tontisnted  tfitoiftelv^^  irtrith  btiinji  dt4l  hi^nbsft^iW  of 
i!  stories  aid  retailed  of  rl|i^*  S^*rto«  of  M»ii<^ 
cttiiwtptlS^fti  the  fcctMi<^faid%ui^lng  houses  oVei^. 
^  ^'Iftef  enj^tejf  a;^^^  hamst  of  ^moiameot  and  hnport- 
ancc  Id  the  t^dji'bf  tliiiil  ctMtiitrf,  tttmi  tO;  thOir  briginal  i^^ 
a^ifieiinee  ^  Home,  to  bu^B  aspi^rsionsj^rough  their  "  Utt|t 
jjlloons  of  so<^t|r,'*  Mi^_^||come  badr  a^ialii  to  ba«k  iA  ^ 
"iaij^tihtyMgH'i^^  «t)d  undei-stnip* 

^rj;  £^}^^t^i9flitm'\]^'  dHttftuttHe,  hi  the  course  of 
Uiei'r  fAjg^tbim  die  Atkncii  are  tra&$fnutcd  into  fine  gen* 
ilemeA  and  viirt^od,  ihbdted  it  tt||»  baitarhnt  ctistoinaol  thU 
savage  republic ;  the  hospitality  of  #h<}Se  eitJaens  ihey  ce^ 
descend  to  accept,  while  Aey  ta|nttiiis«rate  mi  tialummate 
^eir  hosts,  and  ^aiiiMer  it  their  6spedal  ettand  iuid  office  to 
tlistorb,  and  overturn  th^  goverttment.  t^t  thne  wa| 
these  Btotdf  beggars  wmd  without  kntfddlig  um 

^di  bnpuBitjr  the  fbod  they  fed  on.    But  so  many  ludfenwi^ 
and  so  many  serious  explosioas  h|if«  jjpe  \^  of  tbeae 


in- 


^  * 


'lil' 


^ 


Md  «Bititito.||||NW  of  Aepo, 


ttipMblofidtt^  by  thfit 'p6lhiiii,gct«», 

M^tliWfl*  <|«lUHon  «*rpk«t ipdtliey  be^|.|« »e*a  b 

*o«*2Mtti8ait]p«itKl  self  respect,  which  «r^e  first  stefw 
*•  "KPWeraOoo  from  oOMpi,  hitfewto  |||r^  «jMOT«Ma,t 
ttsurpauonr^lledfcMiiihePitecie^,      J^M^W- 


Mrtigpmtra, 


;?s 


.'»r*."^ 


e|t^e4  from  St  Dooimgo,  •  p^tch  lii^SS^i^e.,  ^ 


^.as.cdtifffrmnCaa^^titlei^ 


ac^pjofone 

cottntrjmun  of  mine'j  al|oC  vhlta,  after  a,  ptiama  rende 
ttoddriBki,^^  other-*  heU^tm  their  brSS^^ddled 
with  «ron^  ,fiq«ors,  w^uld  %^  .yeiy  ^,  ^  .^^ 
^eral  execr^in  of  the  fsre,  oIi».te.  custo4  ^le,  J 
iB«ituUon.  of  tSis  nether  region.    Ope  of  the  if^h^^u 

SPrW^"*"^*"'  ^^^  ne^e'  .*W,?ut  «^  *  mist  fci|^  fife 
0tt  kel,^  the  parish  of  hU  hi«l^;  com^ned  of  I'w 

^a  third  of  the  porter,  a^-viatbns,  wtokS-hk  ther 
f^cede^nc^in^pportable;  u:^^^^ 
mr^ir  complaints  with  magnificent  eutoglttms  on  ^ 
dear  sky,  che^  UHng.  rt»d^  t^mjiy  unqSstionidrti  £ 
v«mtage,  of  their  own  conn^^  pccadrnml  lnd«>.>,^ 


'^^mf' 


L?» 


-.J' 


% 


'~i(.\.«4  ^ 


n^f. 


■:■* 


■f 


i4^ 


■  .,'*■;■■  *  _  .  ■  ■  ■  > 

M^l^  ^hlBbr;^|ilBipp|  liliiP^lifcpillMi^^fceoHectMii  «jf  ili^ 
^tHijMm ebta^^t^jfom ht iMiing. the  ki^iMtf. 

The  ^hUjiege,  iMio  nevdfiSis  free  £rpm  a  fweftt  ii)|(  he  doubli^ 

•*^.  ^1^**'  ^^  ^^'  aod  yho,  when  Id  CwtoR,  oevef 
fin^Ot  tt  Als  pMjrers  to  implore  the  t)le&sings  of  a  &nune  or 
|»e«titiNiie«'ti^l|Mi'^H^^^  of  the  compMii^,  and  me- 

ehattteaDy  iMiiilWJlli^  hte  couW  ddt  *j)«ik  id  as  ^# 
vmi^i^^WmMA  by  %Aft  tod  Ihra^loshoW' d^^ 

''Z    "T',    '    ^«nd'ga'vtys''W'6iMli»%tanlll"'flii!^w         ■ 
n^  pill^lblfal^llmeri^^    Jn  iiich  a^^cUrii^.   The  Iris^^ 
x»«i^lil»  iii|dir«M  ^les  of  claret  wUh  a  meal,  ^ 

id  iiait  liquop  swore  the  inteniperate  weathef 
iudi'feTen.    The  Hbll|^er  siintoked  his  {>hlegmaUc  pipt^ 
ID  snence/^Q<iyitg^ap|»r^^        and  the  complying  Greefc" 
nodded  ItiseilC  while  at  tabled  to  eveif^ByHiiHe  tl^  Was  ti^ 
teredV  thott^  he  aA^nrards  coiiicidiMi  with  me  In  H  contnt-- 
dittibti  of  the  w^|*'  When  1  waa  formerly  iji  i^jpericSt  f  * 
k|iew  several  fdii|iiri  then  welt  stricken  in  yeat«,  whtt^ 
ha4  resided 'Iwre  sihee  the  peace  of  iftt^t  always  grumbling 
il^  Jii  pflri^ons  of  this  cou#y^  ind  sighing  for  the  m«^^ 
menfttiat  8h(itik|iiw;e  n«i»'  present  them  to  the  tt^t^i^ti^ 
tfjOMir^imir^i^  I  have  seen. «jiice  my  |i|U«t 

visit,  jiving  exactly  where  ahd  w  U^y  werei^^^mblkig  i^^ 
*'  sighing  as  ushal ;  ..but  1^  and  satisfied,  and  indtilg^g  not  the 

igMi|jf' wNrtt"  loi'loni  Slate  here^ 


for  their  brilliant  prospects  elsewhere. 


like  a  well-fed  cii- 


* 


..•  i- 


If.v 


ittiiiiidiie^  itceived  as  the  na^iu^^ 

pMte«,p|ie«  «d  lli«ori«,^^^^^  ^^  lEii^m 
effect  flier  Ii»w5  bud.  b<Kh  ZJ3i^^^    '**''*"'^ 

often,  iyetfc^  wj^sciow^acknowledged,  on  one  JI 

::^.S^  ^^  count^r:^;*::^ 

«^*^W  "wwop  feeto  nor  avowi ife  )mt  ^^-^-^ — -•-  /.  ^^^ 

oi^mency  ^ey  them.ol»M  .«  ,,ot  awai«  ^^  wfakh  per-    . 
■^rtnaent,  pirtfeiUariy  those  .«f»i«iaiM^ 
rj^carnr   i*m«i    among   the  ^^ 
iMinduals  as  tjrpea  of  tho  MMUpHHiiy^ 

and  .n  babltual  venembn  for  what  is  E«^«|^^J 


vado  every  dt 
t!^9  Miber  .  cl^ 


* 


^' 


4- 
1^ 


f    .• 


1*4    ,.    .        tf    .      ■      ■  i4.." 


'r.;^/ 


'  nf 


li«x>:>AiMiei^iii|tM^^^  who  iv» 

idence,  the  fima 


riOB.  it  costs  Ihem  an  (liiit  ^^^»ni«s;  ^t  if  fiirttgn,  &ijr^ 
submit  to  it  «itli  implicit  ilOffil    Thejr  depre<;ist«  not  only 
litics, ,  tit«rature,  seienee  and  language,  l^tft  the  ffiotals^ 
Brf^  md  state  <tfso^ty,  accordlhif|  i^  tfe^ridlteed  «ai^ 
.    ^reign  d«ti!actIon.  But  this  ii  not  the  spirit  ^fiiij^^iif^^ 
bat  4f  tfttee  iiiiait  ttetiwi*^  wfco  elilii  tiWdieir  llllilife'  If 
■0r^e  poitlMMient  of  th«ir  4>wi»  Qati^ 
dM  f  isost  prepoat«)Otts  EuraipetMi  usag^  a  tl^rst  after  die 
coafjpany  and  alliance  of  foreigners  iii  prefiftrenM  tothdri 
cmi^toTfltien,  an  aifected  reluctaatoe  to  live  and  #» 

they  w«ve  bfii^,  aitr«i(nie  of  the  sjrm^l^s  oft '^''_''_^ 

'  ilil liiii II J  |if|||i|||||iii'e^ lui'kgfilite'tBAl'fess  pardonid>le  thtaHi 
op|Mi«|4|||M^-<'» My«.n  A ' 8tatei#'so>fciefy .in  tlie  meiiii' 
diaa  of  ««lBiiic»t  wid  virtu^%udvray  tfoWeeh  simpficity  aiii; 
cjMTOimonj  gay  and  polite,  without  b#ng  pl«fligate}  sbdl 
dingtho  selectoit  inftuence  of  tiii^  liollbrt  ai^  publie 
tnuK|uii%i  Siii<ii^  ae|(M^ 

^^•kmk§m^^»m^i\m.  to  stteh  as  f-rt  tmtil^f  mprnytgl^; 
aatf  iMionlld  iteer«itl«te,is'an  ennableiitate,  whose  biHi^ytile^ 
'•••■^g*  tJifr do  not  ''^"^■^  l^|Mli|b^  ^'ho  arenot  grate- 
M^  bebg  1)om  in  the  counti-^il^M^ey  flouiish.  Seif 
Ijfc'of  i^e|il||(tiance  iifUe  natives  of  MI'V  cbftnlf  ara 
gl^torable,  whMe  they  i^iiiaidn  passlW'atid  latent,  ^ff^heii- 
«vei^  they  break  ottt  into  dcfclared  0pp6tf^^^%b^!bnHi 

plinishment.    iStfi^'  [j&  cannot 
IlltOiic^^iiigO  iSMsm,  ab- 


us 


*eligi6u8  creeds,  and  the  universal  acnsation  of  un- 
provement  and  increase,  naturally  concur  to  the  cxm? 
'  stittition  of  a  w«li  informed,  ardentf  enthusiastic,  enr 
^  terprising  and  licei]«tioua  people.  Where  every  map 
is  a  citizen;  eveiy  citizen  a  freeholder^  able  and  al- 
Jowed  to  think^  speak,  and  act  for  himself,  the  empire 
of  o^nion  must  be  omnipotent :  and  it  is  impossible 
that  a  free  and  ^king  people  can  be  without  a  cha^ 

horred.  They  are  guilty  rf  die  most  fatal  speciet  of  treasoi^ 
not  that  which!  bolifly  (ievotes  a  country  to  stratagem,  Jiloda 
and  destmctioft^Ht  that  more  Ihsldiou^  arttl  mbi«  cerb& 
hottility,  which  flows  ih  ufiseen  perennial  cWneb,  trtfdudi^, 
betraying  ai»d  assasaiowtiiig.  Of  such  «s  tb(M^e  0iere  can  ho, 
I  trust,  but  iew  in  this  happy  country.— Wretches,  who  have 
noGo^,  household,  or  wprenw>^-thp  creeping  tWijgs  of  the 
earth,  who  feed  on  the  olTals  of  for^igners^who  ficlj  the  foot 
that  tramples  on  them— who  are  despised  by  air  others,  evei 
those  they  worsMp,  and  must  demise  theniselvj^s.'^"'"'' 

fi^  Breathes  there  the  mpn,  with  soul  sq  de^^l,  .    •, 

l„.  Who  never  to  bin^self  h^th  Wkid  .  ^ 

,(';  This  is  my  mm, my  native  land! 

Whose  heart  hath  ne'er  within  hiiki  burned, 

As  home  his  footsteps  he  hsth  tuhied, 
f  ram  wandering  on  a  foreign  strand  1  '  : 

If  such  there  breathf,  go,  mvli  him  w^Mfi-^. 

For  Um  np  xnirMtre}  raptures  9W9\li      ,.^f 
^      High  though  his  .titles,,  j^^roud  ^  i^m^ 

Boundless  his  wealth  irt  Vish'  cmi  tiifm'$'  = 

Despite  those  titles,  pqw^  and  pel?^-    ^V  --  -^^ 

^e  wretch,  concentred  all  ip  self, 

Lhring,  shaU  fiarfeit  iair  renowftl  .       / ^  r'^h.    oU 

And,  doubly  dying,  shall  go  dow© 
•    To  the 


■1 
'1 


iilrdim».i'pnm  wheate  fce  fpningf 


Vnwept,  unhonoured,  anduQaun^ 


] 


W6    ^ 

racter.    Enteiprisci  |H|1^g  spirit,  mteUigence,fM^ 
and  love  of  countiy  toi^mtiiral.ttt  suchapcp^ 
aeries  of  agesii  rei^isiifcto  fonnor  conadi^ 
character.    AttheearHcit  date  Hk  legend  is  meal  de- 
cided ;  aaAtho*^  itrt||^y  balii^gWvated,  ia  seldom 
W^MWcdl^;y«are»or,ttSidi^^      ,  ,:3it]i:t.  ^  m:;^cj. 
^Whqtwer  ^  ^ndr/ferW 
wj  findjiwlished  inaiiiiers.»i   It  iacoiiarieite  tlMt 
harmoniaes  the  intercourse  and  dissipates  tffe  preju- 
dice oif  nations ;  softens  their  witive  pccidiarities,  aftd 
^)proximato8th^ir  national  ^jhai^ctefs  to  one  cean- 
^^«^JJ^^d-t  Commerce,  andtrade,  and  manufec. 

.  ,^B6tirishcdi^'^^^^'^^*-^f^^  ^"'iiri^-wm^ 

*ble.   itistoNorth  America  only  that  their  justice 

IS  denied.    IjiEutope  at  least  it  isaprevaiUngnotioti- 
to  associate  die  commercial  habits  of  die  United 

States,  with  sbtdidftaiiid^  adis6i^e  for  nbbte  pur- 
suits, and  a  drettd  of  1l«^^r  atld  M  Amdffcahs^ve 
mcurrcdthe  wjhmi  and  conteni|)t,  which  Slrlh  he  the 
p  of  any  nation  that  is  cpnsiddred  by  othera  to  be 
me,  merccnify  and  |»s<i.spirited.  But  the  policy 
'the  goverhttiait  hte  bftii  mi^takeh  for  the  genius 
i>f  ^  people.  AkAi  1ri#«i6tts,  ajiyi^toriews  and 
'puWic  discussibiii,  M  vfetionsof  Vpopu^lsym- 
padiics  are  in  no  .^^^  'j^ot  |ai|Cja^a  fif^ 

.     •  Montesq.  E«p,  des  Loi»^  |.r  i^WfP^  t.m/:4r^fi^    ^    ^ 


tRobirt.C|,.rie,y^vpLl'|,1ViR 


J.         '"■ 


,-« 


■  / 


'■/,.■ 

As  individuals,  «ida«  a  community^  they  have  cx- 
bibitsd  and  continue  to  exhibit  ev^di)!'/ the  noiit 
decided  pKX»fii:of  couiige  and. impetuolllj^.j*ru[.,j| 
'  -The  appeiil  to  duds  for  the  detisiwiaSf  private 
disputes  is  more  frequent  in  the  Iftiited  States  than 
itt  any ' odier  countiy  whatever  s -and  thC^  private 
combats  are  conducted  with  a  scientific  ferociousness, 
and  terminate  ia  general  wiOii  a  iai^  jinkxiomk 
elsewhere.   /^IV^verest  statutes  have  invwn  1^ 
ed  thehf^MtiUe^against  this  chivaihic  custom,  whit?b 
seem^^io^  inveterate  among  impassioned  and  opirii*. 
ate^^ireemen. /fli  Is  certiib  that  men  have  beonbe 
lew  fiee^  less  courageous,  less  di^xised  for  g;reat  oO^ 
teiprises,  than  they  were  inthe  days  of  Rome  and  of 
suicide,  when,  as  Montesqp^u  expitsses  it,  they  ap- 
pear to  have  beoi  bom  with  a"  greater  aptitudie,  fiw 
teroism,*  and  bf  exerting  thb  mconcdvable  power 
over  themselves,  could  bid  defiance  to  aUx^ther  hu- 
manpower.    The  niodem  duel  is  an  offspring  of  thi!» 
beathen  sacrifice,  in  which  similar  causes  lead  to  nearly 
thesapjc-efect.    The^valence  Of  -  the  Gi^ow  w. 
Inhwthum  of  the  Romans  nu^  not  be  in  evidence 
of  then-  good  sense  or  their  fortitude  j  t«ir  the  fi^ 
quency  of  fiital  duels  in  ^dsuntry  of  the  superior 
braveiy  of  its  inhabitants,    jfiiut  they  prove  at  least 
the  sensibility  of  both  to  that  romantic. and  ioe^i^ 
cable  jwiB^of  honour,  which,  however  mde&nsible 
its  votaries'  may  be  in  the  eyes  of  both'God  and  ra- 
tional man,  haii  ever|)e^  a,  e|ir«ieja^^ 
and  high-  mind^.  .^^^^^^-r^-A-'.i- .-? 'j  ■  .^.,^^^    ,^r  ...v^-,..^; 


•*t 


•  Montesq.  Gruid.  «t  Ij^cad.  c,  isl  p.  X^i, 


~^     148 

As'«'  cdABnadty,  Hht   Amakxntk  hten^  always 
thofwn-'theinselvni  no  kss  forwaitK.  Uwii;^tt  indlvl- 
duals,  to  fiice  thtskt  eAemies   and    aggressbrs*    In 
titom  cou^ti^hi»  the  government  that  provokes, 
declares^and  maintains  wan.    But  the  United  States 
fmm   exhibited  continiial    struggles  between    the 
govtttnittent  and  the  people,  in  whieh  the  latter  have 
been  «tikinorous  lor  hostilities,  at  one  time  With  ooe 
for^gn  power,  at  another  time  with  anotber,  v^ule 
itU  tiie  Inflttence  and  forbearance  of  thdr  ruleis  has 
btm  exercised  to  restrain  this  martifa  intoxication^ 
tht  levoUitioA  Was  ligked  up  by  a  national  instinct 
^  ind^^t^ndsacei  called  early  into  action  by  the  M- 
laitiiienis  til  llbeity  ati|d  republicanism;  when  cer- 
tainly lio  incapacity  f^r  war  was  evinced.    HoW  iUus- 
IrioUs  indeed  should  the  conduct  and  tqmination  of 
that  ttttitest  render  the  Americans,  wlkn  contrasted 
.  witfitfie  pusillanimous  facility  widi  which  the  most 
compact  and  WMiike  nations  o^  Europe  have  lately 
JWtefi  under  the  arms  of  their  .invaders !  The  Amcri. 
cift  colonies  would  not  ha;ve  vetitU^  «  war  single* 
handed  with  the  irst  maritime  |iower  of  the  world, 
aboul  a  triffingtais  on  tea,  had  not  tiiot  military  im- 
pdlSfeiWhleh  inflamed  aUke  the  atitidy  east,  and  die 
impatient  south,  prompted  th«ii  06  mdte  for  the  as. 
sertioh  of  their  independence.    It  wasnot  oppn^ion 
that  goaded  them  uport  emancipation.    But  their  ui- 
stihct  forliberty :  as  the  author  bf  their  epic,  with  hit* 
peculiar  propriety  of  expression,  describes  their  feel, 
ings  atthe  time,  .  '■'''"''"' '^'^  i^^^^tf  ^^'y-"    ■■ 


\J 


■jfsi 


"•fc 


149 


•A  longintervalr  of  profound  tranquUlity  andmiU- 
tipUed  commcfce  may  have  tamialied  the  feme,  per- 
haps relaxed  somewhat  the  tone  of  this  people.  But 
it  was  the  government,  not  the  nation,  who  com- 
promised witii  endurance  for  emdumenti  and  the 
same  ^ii^  which  was  once  displayed,  is  stiU  ready 
^  jhfftr  itself  when  summoned  into  acdoQ.  The 
Wme/valoiir,  goo^  ^k,  clemency  and  patriotism 
5^11  ^imate  the  bosoms  of  America,  as  the  first  burst 
ol|  the^r  hostiUties,  whenever  it  takes  place^  will  coa- 
^  tl^irylwnniators.  ,  , .  ,.,  ,   ,  ,,^ 

£.egitima^  commerce,  instead  of  demoraliz'mg  or 
debasing  aT  community,  refines  its  sentiments,  mul- 
tiphes  its  intelligence,  and  shaipens  its  ingenuity. 
Where  are  theevide^jces  tothecontraiy  in  thiscoun- 
tiy  ?^The  Americip,  for  from  being  a  soitiid  J 
venal,  are  Qot  even  a  thrifty  people.     Subsistence  is 
so  easy,  andcompetency  so  common,  that  those  nice 
calculations  of  domestic  economy  which  are  a  branch 
almost  of  education  ip  Europe,  aro  aearcely  attended 
torn  America;  and  that  long,  di^usting  catalogttc 
of  petty  offences,  through  which  the  lower  classes  of 
other  nations  are  driven  by  indigence  and  wietched- 
ne^  has  hardly  an  existence  hero*  though  dea^  is 
almost  proscribed  ax>m  the  p«ial  code.  Native  Ame- 
ricansare  vety  seldtim  to  be  metwith  in ineni4orthe 
laborious  occupations,  whie^arc  fiU^  by  blicks  and 
foreigners,  mortfy  Mur(^ea»s,  ^ho  «ro  also  the  cooi- 
«|M|i  perpetrators  of , the  smalhr  crimes  aUudedto. 
Though  the  govcrimicnt  is  supported  by  die  cus* 
J°°^_y>d  tfte  Rumgtoaita:  for  ibejg^eo^ 
are  merely.pecuniary,  yet  iuch  delinquencies  aro  mfi- 
nitely  less  frequent  than  in  Europe  or  even  Asia.  The 


r- 


M) 


-■#■ 


aahneikof  libe  public  oflicels^ive  very  inconsiderable : 
yet  malversation  iii  a  crime  of  nu#  occummce ;  aiid 
dnt  essential  venality,  whkh  pervades  almost  every 
det)artment  of  government  in  other  countries,  is  al- 
together  unpractised  in  this.      l#  ^  r^  ;.*;,    .  1^,,^^^  , 
\  cfa  their  foreign  traffic  the  Americttna  haVe  been  ex- 
posed to  all  the  contumelious  indignities  which  supe- 
rior power  and  rapacity  could  inflict.      But  have  the 
accusationa  charged  upon  them  been  substantiated  ? 
When  a  young  and  unarmed  people  have  nootber 
reliance  for  their  advanc^iAent  than  their  industry  and 
-OQiteness,  and  neveitlie^ess,  owing  to  these  and  their 

tenitorial  advantages,  succeed  against  the  j^Otis  re. 
stricHons^  and  overwhelming   maritime   strength  of 
older  states,  it  is  as  natural  for  the  latter  to  stigmatize 
them  with  dishonesty  and  encroachment,  as  it  was 
for  Rome,  when  Carthage  was  half  subdued,  to  pro- 
claim  the  instability  of  Punic  fiuth.  ^  Bttt*,the  charge 
contradicts  itself:    for  how  could  the   Americans 
pursue  a  successfid  and  augmenting  commerce,  if  their 
frauds' were  as  numerous  as  they  are  declared  to  be, 
after  the  whole  world  are  put  on  their  guaid,  and  in 
anna»  to  suitress  them  ?   The  American  merchant 
can  have  no  other  convoy  than  his  nejutrality  and  feir- 
ness :  and  if  he  have  common  sense,'  must  perceive 
that  honesty  is  his  onlypoUq5P.^,jriieu^i&imc8a  wiOi 
wibich  the  trade  of  these  states  is  charged,  is  ascriba. 
ble^ndt^the  American,  but  tc^tthe^pany  desperate 
foreigners,  who  assume  «  neutralized  citizenship  for 
the  designs  of  disiumest  speculation,  and  m  top  many 
instances  abuse  the  privilege  by  simulation  and  ini- 


"  P:'i 


J 


151 

While  univcn»l4)ccupation,  agriculhinU,  merean- 
tile  and  professional,  imbues  aooiety  with  its  spirit  of 
punctuaUty  and  txactitudc,  poverty  doc»wrt  vitiate 
th^low^..p«  Fofligacy  diatinguiaH  the  higher 

rlagfx^g      *yin- If......   ,  r  t     .  ^ 


classes.    TTie  laws  of 
been  adopted  in  ^ei 
<4  good  feiMk  or  . 
character,  of  fortune, 
any  community,.ainonj 


r,  as  we  have  teen,  have 
9ur;  and  infractions 
liable  to  the  loss  of 
itself:  nor  is  t|Kre 
.                     -'  -T—^-'r — "A  the  temptations  to  de- 
baaenient  are  Icsapowerfulj  or  where  the  laws  and 
morals  combine  *> oppose^ a^oie  cfectual  restniiht 
<»>th^.onmesthat  cause. it.. i.:r^^^:;.^■^^^^,. 
_9.  A  wew  of  the  fcsources  and  prospect  of ^ the 
United  Statea  necessarily  i^vplves  some  conaidoB. 
Uon  of  diat  commercial  Capacity,  by  which  they  sat 
counted.  a»  regards  thek  intereouwe  with  die  w« 
of  th^  worW,  wd^s^it  affect*  them  with  the  poUci'  ' 
and  revolutions  of  otfier^r^t  commercial  ^^ 
I  have  endeavoured  to  show  that  tiade  jMbnc^  ira- 
poverish.  deteriorate  or  demoralize.  ButWmurtbe 
understood  wjdi  referenct  to  ^Kmtaneous  trade,  Hie 
ofeptmgof  supcrBuous  agriculture,  or  superior  mie 
^f>mmerce  jvhk^  furnishes  a  national  revenui,- 
which  cj^Uvates  an  iriexhawstible  territoiy,  and  n^ 
at  any  nion^ent  be  n^odiBed  or  suspended  ^m  Z 
hmier  grievance  ^  a  temporaor  deprivation  of 
F^t,  should  age  ^  confounded  with  that  exotic 
tndhc.  for  whose  products  a  nation  ne^ects  its  ami. 
culture,  which  is  protected  by  navies  that  cort  ^ 
iw^  wars,  and  impoverishes  the  people  that  it  may  nfil: 
to  thmw  ndPTife  ««« 1  _..__^  ...   •       .  •   .~      ~^- 


.1*1 


\ 


152 


the  harpest  of  the  river,  andwho  isti  mart  of  nations; 
but  it  is  as  unnataral  as  fetal  to  stretch  everjr  sinew 
^  it  cracks,  in  commercial  efforts.  ^ 

With  the  benignant  influence  of  free  trade,  nothing 
is  more  militant  than  the  isaneful  spirit  of  monopoly. 
The  latter,  like  all  other  systems  founded  on  injus- 
tice, is  of  temporary  advantage  and  ultimate  ruin  to 
its  supporters.     A  warlike  nation  may  extend  their 
dominion  by  arms,  in  defiance  of  the  opposition  of 
others.     But   commercial,  aggrandizement  to  the 
prejudice  of  the  rest  of  the  world,  attempted  by  any 
one  people,  is  a  position  that  cannot  possibly  belong^ 
maintained.    Exclusive  restrictions,  with  whatsoever 
art  and  powbr  fortified,  may  fco*  a  time  attract  an 
excessive  prt^ortion  of  ti*affic  and  grandeur  to  any 
particular  state  ;  but  they  inevitably  draw  upon  it,  at 
the  same  time,  the  jealousy  and  hostility  of  all  others. 
It  is  the  fate  of  national  monopolies  that  by  the  time 
they  have  completely  succeeded,  the  whole  world  is  in 
league  to  beat  thetn  dow/l ;  and  the  state  Which  wa- 
ges war  for  their  perpetuation,  must  either  surrender 
them  whe^  they  are  most  productive,  or  Muk  at  last, 
exhausted  by  its  own  exertbns,  overcome  by  its 
multiplied  enemies.    Independent  of  the  Reasoning 
that  suggests^  itself  in  support  of  thjs  opinion  from 
the  common  operation  of  cause  to  effect,  an  historical 
examination  of  monopolies,  as  they  have  been  succes- 
sively attempted  by  cBfferent  empire9,^ill  show  that 
^ere  is.  scarcely  one^  which,  ajfter  a  diort  and  spe- 
cious show  of  greatness,  lias  not  recoiled  destruptive- 
ouits  contrivers,  Venice^  Pohugal^  Holland,  Spain 
and  England  are  fatal  testimonies  of  the  disaster  and 


r> 


7 


0      Wr 


m 


ff 


destruction,  in  wlricb  these  flatteiing  expedients  must 
tenninHtCi  .JBn|^Mid  indeed  is  a^  a  gi«at  power: 
but  however  successfuUy  she  nwy  lesiat  sui9|^dbn^ 
it  is  in^MMsiye  she  can  hold  for  ever  the  pretensions 
she  setsup  agaiiist  aU  the  worid.    tlie  cniel impoli- 
cy of  Ae  Spanish  commercial  ^stem  wa^  long  cx- 
empliBed  in  the  hnpoverbhment  and  decline  of  the 
peninsab^  and  the  ignorance  and  retardment  of  Sottdi 
America,  And^ainisnowundeigoingtfaeKsultsor 
herparsimonious  sequestration  of  diose  imi^enae  «* 
sout^ces,  whichj^nder  proper  government,  wouWhavn 
enriched  and  made  haj^y  all  her  extended  veafans. 
^>iugglmg,  contpabaad,  blockades,  searches,  are  ^ 
immediate  o%ring  of  monopoly.  €ommercial  imuds 
increase  in  proportion  to  the  belligerent  prohibitions 
opposed  tor  them.    IKmulation  on  die  one  hand  bft. 
comes  as  indispensable^  m^m/t  en  the  other,  tin  «t 
last  the  maritime  iatereourse  of  states  wUl  become  sq 
distorted,  as  to  exlnbit  one  universal  scene  of  tolem* 
ted  ^^imsf^fmmm^immmmMm^^m 

>^  war  fiff  commerce  destooys  the  veiy  object  it  is 
waged  to  mamtain.  Europe  has  been  drendied  in 
desolation  for  conun^id  advantages,  which  have 
taken  r^ge  i|^^f|||||^i^^^  of  the  United 

S^^MIflill^Jieftlculabk  resources  of  solarge 
'^fSlI**  <^^  Asia,  Africa,  and  South  Am^ifei<;  *tti 
niafei  linemployed,  die  dreadful  havoc^that  has  been 
S!!i^^  *irfng  tlfe  iMlt  SO  years  for  the  prwlucf 
-'-■*'  8t.India  island,  or  a  little  carrying  or  colon^ 
awful  rebuke  to  the  boasted  scientiifc 
ImJjrdvwmKSRtt^'  oT  modfeiti  tl 


'9kvtt  fourths  bf^  globe,  and  aH  their  soperfluit! 


) 


tj 


■HI 
I 


J 


% 


tm 


ir 


[:■  >  ' 


M 


« 

Bmmm^  kiiow«i«^B»l|b«einaiiiing  fourth,  wMeb, 
wiA  tl^%hts  of  pve-emiiietil  civiUzation,  i^^warting 
ks^  ^lil^fqI^the  comparatively  inconsidcrabic  re- 
mainder.   The  jich^t  region»4o£  the  most  extensive 
y  quarteiB  of  itiie  j^obe. we  suffered  to  lie  unej^lored, 
^  while  eveiyjmdeaYourkmakiiig  to  limit  and  preveiit 
4he  extension  p^  that  commerce^  which  would^bting 
^  i!rii|ple  intci^a^^  MiltionsoC  lives 

J  Ibwc  been  uselessly  and  wickedly  sacrificed.  Bullions 
of  iia|>py  and  industrioua  beings  thrown  out  of  enlr 
pli^rtnent  into  idleness|^  and  want,  Bullions  oiArm- 
deemable  debts  contracted,  all  the  pernicious  cona^ 
quences  oC  using  lajj^syiii^Jaws-and'  rapacious 
evocations  incuiired^MiliaW^  made 

more  c^mon  and  tremendiHis  tSm  thef  were  in  the 
dark  ages,  by  Ae  in^uation  which  would  estabii^ 
national  greatness  on  the  perverted  and  tott«tang 
twsis  of  navigatiw  ^ipsgl^^^ 

\  ment.'  *'-'W*'-^^l»4!'Mi|»^!- '*"'>''  -^'^         .  "'^sti 

Fortunately  fdH/Aweiica,  and,for  the  woridlnge- 
pei^al,  this  atnefif  things  is  not.ascribable  to  t^ 
spirit  of  trade,  but  to  the  deksion  of  monopdisti^; 
an4  many  indications  appear  of  its  approachii^  dU- 
Iplution.     It  is  prpbable^tet  before  the  lap^p||p^ 

\^  century  mankind  m/111  look  back  iiHIi  ujS^S 
contempt  to,  tlie  nanrow  confine*^>of  that  traffic,  they 
ar«  now  destroying  ea<?h  other  to  restrain.  We  do 
not  recur  with  more  scorn  to  thp  awe  w^  whici|&|^ 

.ancients  regarded  the  ^traits  jof .  Gibi^ltar,  f^m 
ultimate  verge  of  %  earth,  than  a  succeeding,  ||«id 
^"^^  %i*»%-lBl^ii&i^wiU  to  our.stfMfrf% 


rets 


lifT'   ■■ 


*!»«»#.  w^'-<4im«i*im- 


0: 


#' 


.'.< 


llfS-. 


finite^  greater  «iagi^hide#fil*!iUl^%t<rate^ 

lle.mckai«i««rc  withhddbf  4^^^^ 

wieiitific  disc^^rieaj.  Aat^  ^l^^^^ 

*aceast8  ifa*»id^  the  rf infliest  latkude^  *  But  tl»  to- 

^i»»a«  Minded  by  the  coiftmqpifetuity  or  avarice 

.    wl^h.^«tn^  J«»t0&m  Bright  j)os8^.,y,^^,,  ,  :,* 

^"iwaimiieEcey  aft  tlnui p^  is apelM^aiid 

Jffco««ie. -We^^  despised 

^mese..  whae?^fdr%^pcnetmW^^^  shuts  tuft 

BMHidacs*  But  whentitshaU  embrace. the  roundaf 
aattons  in  a  general  comnliNJialpaeification,  founded; 
UotsomuGh  in  treatieai,  «a  k  thiwe  primoidklimn^ 
picft  of  mutual  convenK^ce,  which  constitute  the  only 
permanent  bwof  nati^ial  iriteix»un»|iii^  barbae 
«3«9.andth^  wiU»lik(^  ha»e  reason  to  le, 

^v  It  seems  probable  that  toei^Se  clmngB  in  &e  c«wi^ 
wercialmachinciyofth^globeisailand.  Without 
a  paiti^ular  reference  to  the  policy  or  the  power  ^jtW 
^^iili^ii||*y«^t  tW  So  many  l»y^  been  driven 

tw^;  fUt  they  must  finally  cqn^l  a  ^linquishipcnt 
§f  monopoly'by  any  ^m^phe  ^Jirth  dynasty 
^  *f»acc  m^b&p«ecariou»rbutthe  ippiilse  ^nd 
policy>it  has  originated  will  continue.  In  tiie  north 
of  Europe  a  great  empire,  and  on  this  side  of  the 
Atotic  a  powerful  repub^p^  yet  but  developing 
"wjY^squrcesandprinciptes^^^^*^  ^  of  ^^j^  - 
wiU  b^  directed,  1^  a  natural  concert,  infinitely 
^nger  \\m  any  nation^  compaeij  i<>ihe  ' 
»tt  ofj^»|!^^lb||ipJjQI|i|,gf^  seas.  ...L^^ 


irf 


., /* 


>;,- 


.--?'■' 


n 


.:<-'i. 


> 


f;'^^IV3Mi^  ti^  vttemiost 

einds  df  1^  Wdi  #9}  bti  ttiiCKli^  to  ^  researches 
io^diristiiifityt«#ili^  x^^  1^  witt  unbar 

mt  ^oft>inle4  l«|^stiiti>r€faiiui  and  fii^  knock  off 
tliehtold«n|ttlptof  Soi^  Amerioi,  and  penetnitii 
lii%lmost  Mliiblti^^iegions  m  of  Africa. 

^3Q  iiid^  amaded'toifiiid  that  mciDe  than  one  half  <^ 
tiie  gidbiitt#be(n  j^  out  ftom  the  benefit  ^«Okili 
4nii«ldMit)i(iiifM        thectther,  ttot  bj^oeettoi^iaiid 
■<i»iliiijiiii8^#<ll%  ilMt^^^ 
^pettSii^'«f  fttifsofid»c«.^i^^  the  fhMid»,^iie 

ttid  win 

lie^dr^'aus^^etafof  timv«»<8j^  tbi  tlft)iilant 

Ifiii^^  tliaffie,  IteA-ii^hidi  i(»'iii^'^(^Mv«i^l^^ 
i#^|^;  itil  (ittVfer  *Yiay  fe^,  C6flnecting  and  atrte* 
]S6ttkingaHiiatio(W.'  ■'^^•r-' v;;;-;^^^^^^^^^^  vr;?, 

'^As  tii^^ijiifea^siii^iH^ 

toiMifW^fl^  llM^  partai 

kfe  "Pt^^^tef^  ihay  !fe thought  ot  dii^lt  hatlbn^ 
dttttactei'Wlegislatibn,  that  ttas^^iii^^^ihentty  sitd^ 
iriftabeooine  a  gteaticottiihtt^ysdpte  tki  hardly 
tSfe  d^icdl  /Thefettfcrtt  an^  varfety  6lf  their  tfettte 
rfes,  the  ih^liftihwjBs  ttT  ^dteir  diieft»t  S6ife,  die  jim- 
d^tfas  stfuctiil^^lillPiailto  navi^don  hf 
^Aea^  of  tlK  iiAineiise  lakes  and  wcatfem  ^t«^  Hit 


4; 


continent  on  etch  odii^,  dni.clpaciiy  Of  alt  parts  to 
/  1 


'^ 


T/V 


*.  --. 


":t"--'t! 


■'.••■ 


'■f:<: 


^Auqpp^  other  06uiitries  wiA  those  supeifluitifis  they 
li^^f  their  Eemotenesa  and  mturat  pnttection  fiom 
the  only  poweiB  that?€«ni|^^  them^  ifaisk'  i^dustiy, 
freedom  mi^Jilieiicejiiiaure  arapidattgnieiitattiG||.iQf^ 
lopulatioBi^treiigdraiidptTospcriiy.  y    r^  ,^ 

«i^  Shfiiiid  the  great  events  transacting  inuSjurq^lari, 
to^be  ^dependence  of  ScMUUli  AmericAf 


CK 


c^ubble  .advantages  must  accrue  to  both 
tions  of  ibe  western  woridijt^^vvattnat^  ^^ly^ff^y 
m^  be  fonnec^  capable  of  plans  the  most  gloiioiit 
*  benefici^{  anidiiancetfatt  mByset£|]iT]|Ki^4jB^ 

:^  the  Qpinronofandbquetit  andfibilant^^ 
-  B,*  after  Considering  tlie  situaaoki  and  peo^. 
o^  this  colmtiyi  *Hlh»t^^  onjy  VB^^  t^^ 

amonjg^^^ipeo^  would  be^to  leaw  ^ 
l^on  ^eir  frontiers  a  powerful  livid,  jaiways  di^xosed 
toairailihims^ 

enrity^  Ws  4e,  aie  nccessaiy  ijss  monarohies  j  ^jlk. 
tation.Mid^^)iinida^^Bemy  for  republics.  ^  Rdfife 
fttood  ini^  0^  Cartilage.    Venice,  perhaps,  wojfiia 

have  test  hter  |;ovbTuiicnt^tod.  her  Jaws  fou^ 
drtdy«arsago,  hadshe  notiPler  gates,  and  almost 
undet  her  Walte,  giowerful  ne^boura,  w^m^ht  - 

^  becotne  her  en^ies^or  her  mastensl?*    lu^e  mao. 

*  ncr,  the  Romanfi^  says  oil^  of  thfiii-  mo«t  Ju^idotiB    * 
writers,  viiere  free  from  imtion  and  vice,  while  they 

had  to  mate hbd against  hofstHe neighbours cjBrtto  .^, 
chnlkiH6(muaniktsewimeemretinebat.  And  whevoa  ^  \ 
popula«ioii  16  $0  di^rsod  iis  that  of  Amttfica»  teign 


'# 


m 


tbe^iia 


Biitllie^^^uipilisol 


to  <%toQe 
ineifimd  1^^ 

^  mat  has  lately  rosMsij^i 

intemperate  aod  tiinlecisiVi 


Itif^noaibretold, 


i\,  < 


long  |Mre» 
that  eonti* 
Qiiettmous 
possiUe* 

republic 


saiperaeci^by  a 
bning  than  hadjimit.  ^ 
^ideas  of  govemmeiit 
Niworfter;   and  the  Anieri< 
«liis|^;ii^avoitt  to  keep  pace  with  theg^ikiaof  the 
age^or  aink  und^r  its  «3cpan»on4    It  mustm^tb^  f(»r> 
go^^iy  that  af  b^^es^  is  tinns^^ted  for  tke  attaia* 
■  flieiift'cC'fdeiAiii^i  so  dcdisiofisd  \^^  to 

^  sieev^t^.a^  permanency  of  peace.  Asi  long  as 
a;  people  i«firtin  from  oflfemive  hostilities,  a  military 
gemus  b  ffli^^tribitte  deiierving  eticooragem^nt ;  and 
it  ii  cspecisily  the  ihterest  of  the  Uhitcd  States  to  ci^ 
tivatjl^  ^"mVK^df  a  warlil^  ^irit»  as  may  n^  b^  iii^ 
cbmpatibte  with  th^u*  repubtican  instikt|( 


are  not  in  a  ^ituaticoi  to  desire  conqi 
ritone#  'tadtin*'  need '  conceiftrat^ 
lite  sdi^Mbbvemment  b  sp 
where  ■  'imfSm'  would  be  requited, 
iHia  Utile  «1  fear' ^om  the  &mbiti(^ 
Andde^iotbm  isless  to  be  dreaded 
mamtenjaicc  of  a' suitjable  estabUgji 
its  sudden  creatign,  incase.  (^«mfei^gciic 

,    *  <xibbQn'8|toin.  Emp.  vol.  6.p.  il5. 


,    .3! 


^iitr.i 


■  '.Is' 


:m 


'r- 


mo 


■^ 


tatoraal  powers  are  almost  indispensable.    Ei^^. 
nwalroay  notliavetheiBtogrity  of  Wadungtoni^ffn 
1.  fe)^ijnw)atimp<Miant  fespect  the  Amieiican  repiib- 
lifc  1181841  vast^advantage  over  all  others  il»t  have  pi^- 
ceded  it;  4hat  is,  in  the  extent  of  dommion,  and 
disjjpsion  of  population.    Athens,  Ronje,  Venice, 
Carthage^  most  of   ^^republics  that  have  been, 
were  at  first  confined  almost-to  a  single  city,  and^. 
w^s  entirelyinfluehced  by  the  capital.    So  that  pici 
_  i^toriaa  guaids;^  or.  ambitious  men,  by  mastering  the 
head,  weie  sure  of  the  cJctremitres.Butthe  same 
dangerdoesnotexisthere.    And^  long  at  Caiada 
^  andliouisiana  remaui  even  vu-^y  under  foreign  &i^ 
flucnce,  the  same  or  a  greater  ind^ccme^^e3ti8t8  fori 
maintaining  that  most  dignified  of  &tt  national  atti- 
tudes, the^^  armed  neutrality  of  a  powerful  republic. 
?A  military  despotism^  whether  monarchic^  <)ir  repub. 
licattj^  is  t|e  ij^pst  odjous  and  oppressive,  die  most^ 
di^racefiii  anS  destructive  form  of  polity.  -  In  fiiet 
i^isnot  aform,  but  a  subversion  of  govemmfisrtt; 
'twMdi^a^r.destroyiii^  every  thing  dae^  atlast  de- 
stroys it8eMif^y^i9:a<  colossus,  whi^h  &Bs4ag  goon 
a*^|^^^^'^^[tgplifted;  from  whose  mins 
pettj^pWlifel  Ji^g  |g^  whose  sUivcs  are  not.  en- ' 
^d  fc  enjoy  tm.ti%  ^fe  the  immuniaeaof  m#n^ 
Jp  which  f£be«jnot  became  aji:>Tm^nienttillJi^;fl^^ 
premaey  ofihe^Wjis  re-cstaWishei^vf  Btit  a  db«g-. ' 
nantrepuWican  empire,  with  military  feroeenoug^ic) 
*;d^end  its  righte,  wi^out%>  much%  to  mstigate!^ 
ambition,  to  subvert  ^fhern;  jun   and^pectable 


r  -jw;  *-'7     -^^  -I  J  ' 


.:*. 


■         V  ■ 


■) 


^iWJIf,  feave^/Uie  ^^^  ,^ 

saarl^  for  this  attitude  t  ^l^irresouxces  have  bees^ 
if  possible,  more  underrated  than  their  character. 
TlieirpopulfttioQrnow  Ms  but  little  short  of  toiniil* 
lkiia.u»l¥ith  ail  inexhaustible  tenitorial,  fond  of 
ivtahliy  wididit  debts  or  taxation,  tirttii  eveiy  abun^*^ 
of  munition  and  requisite  for  war,  they  have  %. 
in  men  withims  in  their  hands,  than 
the  Ronvur:emi>aie  ever  maintained  at  «iy  one  time*  ^ 
than  the  force^ii^  Wluch Louisi^XlVv  te«^$ttij#«tli» v 
povrei^  of  Etirope  obii|b^iGd^  or  widi  which^^^ 
«fM««b^i^5Bd  hi^^^iliaries  drove  Louial^ 
iiitothemjlaietof  Wjip^i^  A  militia  of  six  iiim*^^ 
dned  thousand  men,  undiscq>lki^  ii^eed,  unofficerj^ 
cd,  «id  uninured  to  the  tste^ 
9t8Jte  otho^i%»  but  hardy,  aOiletifv^^iMil,  and  ln» 
vmo^y'liiaached  to  thdr  country^ 
are.theinw  materials  at  least  for  fornm^  alb^dab% 
barrier  to  in va^QiU    Much  of  Ac  contumeUous  a^ 
gresaipn  the^  <disii«Hricaiis  have, experienced  from  the 
Enrop^  belUgfjrents,visascrife»bte4o  their  rdiaacw^ 
01^  Uie'defencclttss«n4'  iii^»pepared  postomof  tWt 
country,^  £|ut4  fteeand^aar^  people,  iicei|itome#' 

•  The  American  navy  is  at  once  the  gloiy  and  the  i^bi^e  el^* 
^'American  nation:  the  nursery  of  its  martial  genius,  thi^t 
chiiery  of  its  feme,  the  vestal  guai-d  of  that  »p»ark,  Mf^Ach  haw^ 
ever  it  rtiayfede  or  dWf^We,  cain  nerer  ex|>ire  t^^^  *'*^*^^ 
iii|(with  it  ^^Ithat  eondilef^  eittbodi^  and  preserves  ijl  jpeopMBT*^ 
An»oq|i|ii  llijiiyiiittmber  of  kidinduals  «s  (;onq>pe  tl 
officers  of  this  little  navy,  never  did  nor  does  therc'-oxi^tl^ 
more  glorious  spirit  of  chivalrit  valour  and  ehtferprise,  supe-  "^^ 
rioe^iftttScal  ^H  and  proMenc7,-^seipttne,-su1>oi^^^  — 
and  concert  iii^micrf  a«**ti<f^md^  geritlfcinan-n^^^ 

S*!'.",  ■   .-  ■'  1  ..J   '     -J 

_-%•■..'  '^       .         ^-   ■"■-- 

a.  Si 

-   n 


m 


\ 

■0 


Ml 


R- 


5<»i*:-\.'-  * 


uiSfe 


■0 


to  tht  4086  <of  arms,  from  mhtm  tlie  riflemca  aiid 
aharjishoMen  that  have  |)ecome  the  oMat  efficacidua 
divbions  of  the  annies  of  Europe,  laarned  thfv 
manual,  cua  never  be  totally  mifMepaK^  for  msr, 

■    s.-ruJ-;.^  *.Jmi:     .•;,f.i.:^-;i-\     j.^^  ^y^i^^, /,   n.^U^r^*^  ...... ..    VhJ. 

iiiffit,arbai»tf  and  iw«xce]rtionaI»l«j:<>n<]|u«|  iappci^ij^  ?!*»*W 
is  no  body  of  men  so  well  deserving  to  be  entitled  the  itfctwer 
of  the  coMntry,  But  the  ft|yr  of  the  Chesapeake  h»  drench<« 
ed  their  laurels  with  more  ig;nomin]r  than  a1j|  the  watert^of 
the  Chesapeake  can  wash  out:  not  only  thope  implicated  ia 
that  indeUbljr  shamed  transacUon-prhut  eveiy  <#per  4d  Ihe 
navy«-.*nay,,«Tery  ipdividual  in  the  natipn— aod  t^ve  aU^jil^i 
nation  itself,  still  smjarting  u^revenged  vpn^er  «iM;haa  in%;« 
tbn.  ^lood,  blood  al(we  can  wash  out  that^iftain.  An  occa- 
sion, presenting  itself,  ai|  if  on  puipose,  to  signalize  thei? 
cootage  ajid  capacity,  which  mig^  ha^  been  the  meant  of 
wiping  off,  ia  oQ^^meiiiontUe  hour,  9U  the  a^eraiena  tiuig 
from  all  quarteri  on  tiMinalioi)»l  reputation, anieifsUtnpiog 
their  name  in  the  %pinos|  «le  «f  coumge^Ma  peop^jHM^ 
suflfered  to  lound  He  tocab  of  their  disgrace!  canning 
through  all  regions  the  h^;itbtioiu  jreTerheiatioaa  of  thfir 
cowardice  tod  ilDcapac^''  --^'  -"'  .''"•■^;v>   ' 

If  it  were  ib«  ino  other  purpoae  than  to  contradiet  and  repel 

the  firal  eonaei^ieneea  all  the  world  muitt  info  from  thb 

unspeakably  in^ous   discometure,   the  American  aataon 

aboutd  apply  aU  thf  ir  «eal  aad  effiwta  to  the  immthse  re- 

loincea  they  enjoy  IbrcrMting  a  respectable,  a  formidabMe 

'lMf)M«et.jBiidhaiaTf>asmight  dam  die  jealous  ^ohmmIoqi 

^^dth«rpowers^^B&v|r  of  ships  of  the  line^^^attc^aiw^ 

as  n^ight  i^jl  to  tKMiTfiy  and  protect  their  anircraai  cttm^ 

>«»««r1ttdWtg  those  lafliitapetty^^l^^ 

Bies,  t^t^  .^petual  proyoqations,  wjkhout  eren  being 

sufficient  mod»e»to,*ratv4s  would  ronder  it  always  lutoec;^ 

^^  *3°^  theur  merchant  ii^pB)f4has  (mttingwiM  iii£iiiK 


eReBies6«Rii  ff^  ««» M^lrwail  aaniK  f|ft«Md 


|ir;coae«^ 


'i,. 


'"w" 


U9 


tiisiasm  have  already  madc.offi- 
<Wi,  in  America  ""j^J^JJ^yfa^ '»  and  officeis^caiv 

,  |4J^  the  vast  wastes^  that  'were  kept  a»  a  ^^tier 
by  the  ancient  tGauils,  the,  Atlantic  ocean  foims  a 
petpetuai  natural  protection  of  Anubrica  from  tl^  in- 

mnn  ^idQy  ioittlt  i^  8gg|r«ii{bn,  and  their  nationilcluawet^r 
from  hibitual  degradSdaD-*4i  luifVy  of  numerous,  swift  sailingj 
weU  appointed  fHgirt^i;i---^''^'^^^^*%'^'  ^■''^■' C  "'^-  '''''^'^'■' 
^tlie  <)tpenjlRif  ti  tmch  an  armamfent  tie  objected  to^t 
l^uM  asl(  what  can  be  |lK>  expensive  for  the  inunense  re> 
MurtTea  of  thb  country,  hitherto  not  half  dere^ope<Wd  hns- 
b^uided  with  miserlike  timidity  ?  If  the  risk  of  war,  what  is 
d^t|ndiQf  deferring,  of  buying  off,  of  bartering  honour,  righf, 
proplmi^  ek^  thing  fait  pvocii^tihation  and  reprieire  ?  Wat- 
must  come  with  {MNrtfrMttid  destructioti  mu^t  fiaUdw,  nhteis 
some  prepars^  b4|P  foot  for  the  exigency^  <^;  |;  J%^h^  . 
While  Iheragl^^  ^Ovation  laa^  this  visUnuiry  aelf^aNn- 
dmnne^may  endure,  ^ivt  wbc;jDeT^  the  policy  of  thicii  coun- 
try %hal^  seliPKl,-  a  mJI  must  enter  jmto,  loid  cimstitute  a 
princip^'part  oftlMit  policy.  It  is  in(Sspensdrfer^tt'tK""^erj 
the  Vrnfetmni^  tiie'  |OUrces  of  Sttbii8j^ei,-/the.  hmraiir,  the 

of  €bmlimwAmuMkm'-&3i- 

"^AffMMly^ '  «0m^  -ttk 
rsfemi^  lli,ws  of  the  Uiudnl 
v'^  When^if  «ver, ;:peace-  sfedlA:' 
sWarm'  with  pirttea— in  fifet 


clmrBCteir^'^tttional  e: 
aloud  fqr  1^  Sfkfeguard 

A  navy  ^f  frigatea^^Wf 
embargo.: 'iitridm 
SiaiMi  btt'  Mtotidm»d 
recnm  lA  ]luil»pe,  thi 


it  does  pow^^wrth  ifitlife  coSEbba*;  n9arander»-«-but  at  ^dl«lt. 
tuTiBt  of  peace,  i)uqaaie|^«|)4'SIMibMrd8  J  willrin&st.  1^^ 
>cefn  stki  ransadk  every  (a^M^ol^  commercie  will  i»  safe 
without  a  ^avy  to  protect  it!:  ml  livB  AmocicaM  mustvSi^ 
mit  tn;.bo  TnM:^\Bnd  plui^^Rfiig^  bunibd^  antdi  and  destroy^ 
in  eveiy  latitvachH  or«o  bie  convoyed  by  the  jSnglish,  or  seoaici 
oflMtc  inendly  powerj^whkJh  w  fsalouaiMt  andl 


pimipi^M^looi^^ 


•A  '. 


m 


\ 


♦^ 


m' 


1/5 


4 


*: 


0 


vasioiis  of  Europe^V  a  barrier  sufficient  in  ittelf  at 
present,  "Mrhilethe  only  power  that  could  become  an 
invader  is  unable  to  keep  the  sea^  which  b  ruled  by 
a  power  unable  to  invade.  '  At  no  distant  day  die 
stationary  strength  of  Eprapc;  may  be  counterpbised 
by  the  ina«ased  |trengtMf  America ;  and  the  cur, 
rent  of  irruption,  whictiTor  ae  many  thousand  years 
hasproceeded  from  east  to  west,  h^ybg  reached  ^e 
limits^  ks  action,  may  re^soil^  and  trace  back  its 
stq>s  from  rthe  populous  and^foigl^y  west- tp  the  ce- 


.'tr 


■^ 


duced  and  prg«sti«te  east. 

Fimnj  oiJDiimercial  depredations  the  Ignited. $tates 
may  not^fqf  son^eyears,^  beexethpt^,  Butt)iei?Tpie, 
ability  «is^>m«i»«than  a  match  for  apy  foifce  t]^ 
sent  ^ter  aefi  (^  their  invasion,  Jn  both  ^- 
naoderp  timesi  lai^ .  militaiy  expeditions, 
Mfhi^i^pended  rgp  na?al  copperatioi^  have  almost 
alwayabeeft^misucc^ssfttU  A^  0^^  exhaust  the  ,ji^ 
^ t^tiwsembl^s  tiem,  it  is  impossible  tOTejMO^ 
disasters  %  ii^shsiiuBooi^..  If  ttoy  o^  part  bf( 
or  d^troyed»  the  odiers  being  more  or  kss  dCj 
cat  upon  each  other,  cannqt  act  thus  niutilated  ^  _ 
unavoidable  slowness  of  wch  enterprises  gives "^ 
opportunity  for  preparatiofl  to  the  odier  party.  Jipd 
tempests  of  thejsea  are  periis^f  |aily  occur^eiHJe^ 
ipsuiinountable  difficulty.  Admitting,  however^  thg^ 
Iq^an  uiM^mmpncoincidewx  of  ^c?r^^  accident 
an  invasion  were«fected,  and  that  aH  North  America 
mj^lje  overrun  by  an  experienced,  weU  appoint^ 
ari^  ^  pmld  n^v^e^ss  Jt;|^  impossible  to  py^- 
cpme  Ac  inhabitants,  or  reconcile  tfiem  to  a  y^^ 


Thr^eans  of  escape,  of  subsistence,  and  of  sove- 


<^ 


4i!. 


r'    ■    -* 


'ij'f^ 


m 


0 


v#" 


fieig^,  ore  wididiiit  beundii,  tn^  no  ibnre  or  priti^ 
tSon  tlitt  «ii  themy  could  apply,  would  ib«ee  m  inb- 
iDissftoii.  War  might  ravage  their  fidda,  coii%(rate 
tficlr  villages;  ttickdidr  towns,  and  s(au|^iter  a  pttt 
^  llMir  poj^QiAttbnrbiitthost  kho  remained  would 
an^t^  dil]jti|t|&ti<Mi  by  dispersion*  'il^  tttinsment  tiii  th6 
i|g'  6f'«6nM  new'eiiiplife*f';f  :>liQ^'1Jw*^:.55^  &  +a,.  r 

[^^^pliii^M  ieng^,  and  I  fear  ttctliB4d 

yoiir '  Mlis&ctibn,  haV«  I  ;ltteitlpted  to  commaniaate 
t!M^' idia*  ^  i0^t  Anlericatt  %iS0p|e,>^^^'^^ 
been  formed  ^ova.  lon^  acquaintanoe  ifid  'dftlibentte 

mtfidi  tI^af^«aninM^  apotogy(Bl|aiU|ai^  |aI» 
wlMit  «t«ar8  i  itu^  haf^  been  b^vay«d  by  ftftittiaUly, 
wMeh  I  am  proud  tc^  iKsknowledge,  I  cannot  ^tii** 
mSfi6 ;  dKnigh  a  aCri^  itgird  tb-  tht  uiitjiaggenittd 
trudi  ha!{  guided  my  p«(^  V¥6bdtHy 'Iti^  lit^^^i^ 
llrti^l^  fifnm  a  feet^ig,  whkih  tdl  iadAf 'aficdini}^^ 
mti^ittlA  I  iiNoreiwUing  prejudtc<iii9|||^lii!moiiaon^ 
which  ivBSte  be  the  first  st^  to¥^iii4^1A|^  ^itjitt^^  ^ 
srfi&efiiHon  df^aoMempl  #r  Aiileriif^  tfK^#ii^H6#^ 
bi^  ftf^jildi^  hi  which  an  the  naldoiis  of  Eur^ 
$eem  to  concur.  The  soil,  cfim^^j^i^ddii^testttnd 
kektures  of  diis  enviable  country  hitve  boll  d%ttig<i 
tihUediiis  altogether  bferior  to  di06M^^#>n>pe-  Ahd 
^  gntVest  philbtophersof  d)t<)l#%dillha«iNs1ed^ 
way  in  thdie  ignotttoty  ab8t^'p^bdi^;i^ 
llR^.^ '  Hi^  a^  has  been  itpresented  as  par^monious 
lllid  kfiortlt^ ;  ^  cHntate  as  #bwiaid  and  pernicious ; 
1^  Creatures  as  stunted,  stuj>id>  ^  debased  below 
thcy-species ;  the  manners^  prindptea,  and  goveni^ 


xnent,  as  suited  todiis  iml^d^  depravity.    These 
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absurdities  appeared  engraved  iKith  the   itamp  loif 
knowledge  andautnority ;  their  circulation  was  gfe-^ 
nend  and  accredited ;  and  it  is  amazinghow  current  ^ 
diey  continue  to  this  day,  notwithstanding  the  pioofii-^        |' 
that  have  successively  adduced  themselv<»  <>^  ^yiV  :v^\ 
fiilaiacation  and  baseness.  BUt  it  is  time  sudb^iO^ii^li  ^' ;  J 
were  called  in,  and  a  new  seignorage  issued,  less  al- 
loyed  with  prejudice;  thatEun^  may  be  i|pde- 
ceived  respecting  a  pe^Ie,  in  many  respects  the  firs^ 
and  in  none  the  lowest  on  the  scale  of  naiofl$.  ^^ -''  ' 


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